S U M M A R YCephalosporium maydis infects young maize plants easily, but as plants age fewer are infected and none after approx. 50 days from sowing. The mesocotyl and seminal, fibrous and adventitious roots are attacked, especially when there is damage or much inoculum. Most penetration occurs where roots are elongating and emerge from the mesocotyl or from fibrous roots. At first the fungus grows superficially on roots, producing hyphae with short, brown, thick-walled, and swollen cells. After penetrating, the fungus spreads towards the xylem, where it grows slowly at first but after 5 weeks grows faster upwards.C. acremonium causes black-bundle disease of maize. It seems to infect plants growing in unfavourable conditions but the details remain uncertain. The percentage of plants infected was not related to the amount of inoculum and the fungus may not be a primary parasite. The sterile culture filtrate of the fungus produces vascular discoloration and wilt of maize seedlings.

The interaction between Fusarium oxysporum (cause of cotton wilt) and Cephalosporium maydis (cause of maize late-wilt) on cotton roots is associated with an appreciable decrease in the severity of the cotton wilt disease.

The competitive saprophytic ability (CSA) of Cephalasporium maydis was smaller at 30 "C when measured by the agar-plate modification than by the original Cambridge method. The agar-plate method suggested that C. maydis was a less competitive saprophyte than C. acremonium although both were low in CSA.C. acremonium grows and sporulates well on organic and synthetic media. C. maydis grows faster but is more exacting nutritionally and is less able to decompose cellulose or maize straw than C. acremonium. Neither fungus produced pectolytic culture filtrates and both were susceptible to antibiotics produced by soil micro-organisms.C. maydis survived on maize straw much longer than C. acremonium. In field soils C. maydis colonized and survived in supplemented wheat bran poorly and not below the top 20 cm of soil.

SUMMARYChanges in polypeptide contents following inoculation of roots of Pisum sativum L. (wild type cv. Frisson (myc^, nod^)) with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae were analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE). A different polypeptide pattern was obtained in a mycorrhiza-resistant pea genotype P2 (myc", nod") inoculated with G. mosseae. In order further to characterize the polypeptide modifications detected and to provide evidence for some possible symbiosis-related (SR) proteins, a time course experiment, from appressoria formation to fully developed symbiosis, was carried out on two genotypes allowing fungal colonization: the wild type and its isogenic mutant P56 (myc^, nod"). The same experiment was done with the mycorrhiza-resistant pea genotype (myc", nod"). After G. mosseae inoculation, we characterized 12 additional polypeptides in the two mycorrhiza-compatible pea genotypes which were never observed in root extracts from the mycorrhiza-resistant mutant. Five polypeptides were first detected in the early stage of the symbiosis (5 d of inoculation) while others were observed later (8 d of inoculation). The induction and accumulation of these polypeptides seem to be more correlated to the establishment of the functional symbiosis than to the recognition stages and appressorium formation. Furthermore, none of the additional polypeptides were detected in the mycorrhiza-resistant pea genotype. This mutant was more characterized by a great repression of polypeptides. In addition, up-regulated and down-regulated polypeptides from the mycorrhiza-compatible genotypes were different from those of the mycorrhiza-resistant genotype.

SUMMARYBenomyl (methyl‐I‐(butyl carbamoyl)‐2‐benzimidazole carbamate) at 2.5 to 100 ppm completely inhibited the growth in vitro of Cephalosporium maydis Samra, Sabet & Hingorani, the causal fungus of late‐wilt of maize. In pot experiments, late‐wilt was controlled by applications equivalent to 10 ppm benomyl/unit wt dry soil at sowing but not by applications 30 days after sowing or by seed treatments (dusts and dips). A fungitoxic substance was detected in benomyl‐treated soil, planted with maize, 120–150 days after treatment and for 150–180 days in unplanted soil. Sap expressed from maize grown in benomyl‐treated soil was also fungitoxic, especially that from the roots and distal parts of the leaf blades.In the field, soil applications of benomyl to 10 kg/feddan (4200 m2) failed to control late‐wilt. Tests indicated little fungitoxicity in the sap of maize plants 25 days after sowing.