The recent studies on nanotechnology have reported rapid development of nanofluids in various aspects due to the enhanced thermophysical and heat transfer properties of nanofluids. This paper reviews the preparation methods and some challenging issues of hybrid nanofluids during the Preparation of hybrid nanofluids. One-step and two-step are mainly the preparation methods of hybrid nanofluids. Compared to the one-step method, the two-step method is a widely used technique for preparing nanofluids due to its simplicity, whereas this technique has a complexity of achieving stability of hybrid nanofluids. On the contrary, the one-step is very flexible for achieving uniformity of nanofluids with comparatively high production cost. Some researchers followed various techniques such as surfactant addition, surface treatment, and pH modification for preparing a durable nanofluid. However, these methods also have their limitation, such as degrading the thermal attributes of hybrid nanofluids. So, future studies need to address these challenges along with the cost analysis during preparing the hybrid nanofluids.

Using irradiated doped-silica preforms from which fibres for thermoluminescence dosimetry applications can be fabricated we have carried out a range of luminescence studies, the TL yield of the fibre systems offering many advantages over conventional passive dosimetry types. In this paper we investigate such media, showing emission spectra for irradiated preforms and the TL response of glass beads following irradiation to an Am-Be neutron source located in a tank of water, the glass fibres and beads offering the advantage of being able to be placed directly into liquid. The outcomes from these and other lines of research are intended to inform development of doped silica radiation dosimeters of versatile utility, extending from environmental evaluations through to clinical and industrial applications.

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