Ischemic diseases are characterized by reduced blood supply to a tissue or an organ due to obstruction of blood vessels. The most serious and most common ischemic diseases include ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, and critical limb ischemia. Revascularization is the first choice of therapy, but the cell therapy is being introduced as a possible way of treatment for no-option patients. One of the possibilities of cell therapy is the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs are easily isolated from bone marrow and can be defined as non-hematopoietic multipotent adult stem cells population with a defined capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into cell types of all three germ layers depending on their origin. Since 1974, when Friedenstein and coworkers (Friedenstein et al. 1974) first time isolated and characterized MSCs, MSC-based therapy has been shown to be safe and effective. Nevertheless, many scientists and clinical researchers want to improve the success of MSCs in regenerative therapy. The secret of successful cell therapy may lie, along with the homing, in secretion of biologically active molecules including cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines known as MSCs secretome. One of the intracellular signalling mechanism includes the activity of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) (PI3K) - protein kinase B (serine-threonine protein kinase Akt) (Akt) pathway. This PI3K/Akt pathway plays key roles in many cell types in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and migration. Pre-conditioning of MSCs could improve efficacy of signalling mechanism.

The randomized trials showed that the addition of training resistance program to androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) had many beneficial effects for prostate cancer (PC) patients (significant protective effect on the volume of muscle mass) and the studies have revealed a panel of miRNAs, which are deregulate in PC and may serve as promising biomarkers of PC risk. The primary aim of our present study was to investigate the effect of exercise training to changes in body composition (muscle strength) and the secondary endpoint was to investigate the impact of an exercise training program on plasma levels of selected myogenic microRNAs (miRNAs) (miRNA-1, miRNA-29b, and miRNA-133) in PC patients undergoing the ADT. Effect of ADT and exercise intervention showed significant increase (experimental group vs. control group) the changes in body composition, free testosterone levels, IL-6 and plasma levels of myogenic miRNAs and significant reduced insulin serum levels. In conclusion, resistance training with ADT in the treatment of PC significantly changed the physical and metabolic function and the plasma levels of specific myogenic miRNAs. Our data support with the other publicized results.