Abstract. An examination of the traceability and dependability of the virtualisation properties is prompted by the widespread use of three-dimensional models. The challenge of obtaining accuracy indicators directly from the photogrammetric method when a reference model is missing is widely acknowledged. In this study, a robust method based on a statistical analysis of the uncertainty associated with Tie Points (TPs) is presented to provide a strict framework for the informed processing of photogrammetric survey data. In the phases of Structure estimation, Structure optimisation, and Dense Cloud generation, the key steps and variables affecting data processing are described. The workflow is then applied to a specific bronze museum finding smaller than 20 cm in size. All tie points that overcome the filtering phase are included in the procedure and for their coordinates the covariance matrix is examined. The error ellipsoid is calculated and the distribution of the lengths of the major semi-axes is analysed to calculate an appropriate tolerance interval which can be used as an indicator of the accuracy of the entire photogrammetric process. Indeed, using the tolerance intervals tool allows for the derivation of a representative indicator that can be compared with the outcomes of other photogrammetric processes while overcoming the ambiguity of statistical indicators that are not representative in the case of a non-normal distribution.

Abstract. The present contribution falls within the framework of the actions envisaged by the "SMART Bethlehem – Sustainable Management And Renewal of Technology in the City of Bethlehem" (2022 – ongoing) research project, scientifically coordinated by the University of Pavia and co-founded by the Italian Agency for Cooperation and Development (AICS). Among the main objectives of the cooperation project is the sustainable urban and territorial development of the Bethlehem area by means of multi-scalar activities, mainly focusing on refurbishment and energy optimisation of a few relevant municipality buildings. A test case implementation of the HBIM methodology was then carried out on the Peace Center, an iconic building facing the "Manger Square" in close proximity to the "Nativity Church", aiming to validate the proposed systematisation of a scan-to-BIM approach focused on the development of an optimised data repository for the planned operation and maintenance activities. An ECO-Systemic workflow is presented, organised in five recursive steps. Starting from a SLAM-TLS integrated digital survey (3DS), the federated sub-models that comprise the overall project are geo-referenced (GEO) within a shared coordinate system (FSC) environment, thereby providing the basis for the subsequent architectural modelling of the built asset (ARC) and the associated enhancement of the level of information (LOI).