Aim: The aim of the study was to identify the relationship of acquired neutropenias with infections in childhood and to assess their course, complications, short and long‐term outcome. Method: During a two‐year period, all children admitted to the pediatric ward with neutropenia were investigated for underlying infections with indices of infection, cultures of body fluids and serological tests. Results: Sixty‐seven previously healthy children, aged (median, 25–75%) 0.7 years (0.2–1.5), were identified with neutropenia (frequency: 2.0%). An infectious agent was identified in 34/67 cases (50.7%) (viral infection: n=24, bacterial: n=10). In 50/67 (74.6%) children, neutropenia recovered within 2 months (transient neutropenia, TN), while in 17/67 (25.4%) of them it persisted for more than two months. Two years after diagnosis 50/67 children (74.6%) accepted to be reassessed. Of these children, 8/50 (16%) remained neutropenic (neutropenic children, NC), while 42/50 had recovered completely. Conclusion: Neutropenia during childhood is usually transient, often following viral and common bacterial infections, does not present serious complications and in the majority, it resolves spontaneously. However, in a significant percentage of patients, neutropenia is discovered during the course of an infection, on a ground of a preceding chronic neutropenic status.

Neutropenia during childhood is usually transient, often following viral and common bacterial infections, does not present serious complications and in the majority, it resolves spontaneously. However, in a significant percentage of patients, neutropenia is discovered during the course of an infection, on a ground of a preceding chronic neutropenic status.

To examine seasonal trends of cryptorchidism in Greece, 583 males with true isolated cryptorchidism were analyzed. All 208 912 live-born boys born during the same period were used as a comparison group. Seasonality by month of birth was evaluated using both Edwards' model with adjusted frequencies and exact theta(i), and Walter-Elwood method with exact theta(i). Both tests resulted in consistent findings. The incidence of cryptorchid births in Greece follows a documented cyclic pattern of simple harmonic type with spring being the season of statistical predominance (peak in March with a second, almost equivalent, peak in May). In contrast, in autumn the incidence of cryptorchid births was considerably lower (trough in September). Given the fact that no significant differences in daylight length are found among seasons in Greece, the detection of a significant seasonal variation suggests that factors other than light are involved in the pathogenesis of cryptorchidism. Low environmental temperature is proposed as a causative factor negatively influencing the maternal hCG profiles and the inguinoscrotal phase of testicular descent. This is further supported by: (i) the similarity of our results to those reported by other European countries of different longitude and geographical width and (ii) our data showing significantly smaller maternal hCG profiles at the 26th week of gestation during winter compared with summer.