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In the present study, thiourea-induced thyroid hormone depletion and thyroxine (T(4)) 'overdose' were used as a strategy to understand the influence of thyroid hormones on ovarian recrudescence of juvenile (3-months-old), immature (8-months-old) and adult (1-year-old) air-breathing catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Thiourea-induced thyroid hormone depletion in juvenile catfish impaired ovarian development, but no significant effect was observed in immature catfish and during late stage of ovarian recrudescence of mature catfish. T(4) treatment in females undergoing late stages of ovarian recrudescence induced rapid oocyte growth by promoting its early entry into maturational phase as evident from the presence of more number of vitellogenic and post-vitellogenic follicles, decrease in aromatse immunoreactivity and reduced estradiol-17beta levels. Hence, thyroid hormones have an important role to play during early stages of ovarian development and vitellogenesis of catfish and also indicating that thyroid has a stage dependent effect on ovary.

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to defective insulin secretion or action. Trace elements like Copper(Cu) and magnesium (Mg) have been found to be altered in diabetes mellitus and induce reactive oxygen species which has got role in progression of disease. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a surrogate marker of oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Aims And Objectives: Propose of the study was to estimate serum magnesium (Mg), copper and MDA levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and to compare with that of healthy individuals, also to identify the interrelationship among these and copper &magnesium can be used as an alternate marker of oxidative stress when MDA not available. Materials And Methods:The study included 75 control healthy individuals without Type2 DM and 75 Cases with type 2 DM. Serum concentrations of Glucose, Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL-C, HDL-C, HbA1c, Magnesium, Copper and MDA was measured. Student's t-test, Pearson correlations tests were used for statistical analysis. Results And Observations: The serum copper level was found to be significantly increased in type 2 DM with HbA1C >7% (157.32±16.89) when compared to control (106.24±25.99). The serum Mg level was found to be significantly decreased (1.62±0.29) (p < 0.0001) in type 2 DM with HbA1c >7 when compared to control (1.82±0.18). We found a significant increased level of serum Total Cholesterol and LDL-c and Triglycerides and decreased HDL-c in type 2 DM subjects with (p < 0.0001) HbA1c >7% when compared to control. MDA (4.62+1.17nmol/L) in type 2 DM patients when compared to controls(1.4+0.8 nmol/L)(p< 0.0001). Overall, mean serum MDA level in the study group was significantly higher than in the controls. Conclusion: Patients with DM had altered metabolism of Cu (hypercuprimiea) and Mg (hypomagnesaemia). As Cu and Mg has got role in metal induced free radical formation which leads to oxidative stress we compared with novel oxidative marker MDA and concluded that these two trace elements can be used as marker of oxidative stress, which can predict systemic inflammation in type 2 DM to prevent well know complication in advance.