The aim of the research was to determine deposition of zinc on soybean plants sprayed in three development phases: 2, 4 and 6 specific leaves. The spraying involved the following parameters: speed was 0.86 m s −1 , pressure: 0.20 and 0.28 MPa, standard nozzles: flat fan XR 110-02 and double flat fan DF 120-02. Soybean plants of Pollux variety were sprayed, with foliar fertilizer Mikrovit Zinc 112 and the preparation containing zinc nanoparticles. The dose of both preparations amounted 160 g Zn ha −1. After spraying, the plants were cut, dried, and mineralized. Zinc content in the samples was measured with atomic absorption spectrometer. The highest values of zinc deposition soybean plants were recorded DF 120-02 nozzle, regardless the spraying parameters, as well as soy development phase. The use of nanozinc and DF 120-02 nozzle in 4 leaves development phase caused higher values of zinc deposition 12.5% (0.20 MPa) and 15% (0.28 MPa), while in 6 leaves phase, the mentioned values increased by 13% (0.20 MPa) and 3.6% (0.28 MPa), as compared to the ones obtained for the foliar fertilizer. The highest values of nanozinc deposition using DF 120-02 nozzles were recorded at 0.20 MPa pressure: 179.1 mg kg −1 (2 leaves phase) and 178.0 mg kg −1 (6 leaves phase), as well as at 0.28 MPa pressure: 127.7 mg kg −1 (4 leaves phase). In comparison with flat fan nozzle XR 110-02, the use of double flat fan nozzle DF 120-02 increased zinc deposition by 151, 110, and 90%, respectively. Statistical analysis of the test results showed a significant effect of the type of nozzle used for spraying on the value of zinc deposition on soybean plants.

The paper provides an empirical analysis of the macroeconomic factors that enhance revenue gap in South Africa using the multivariate cointegration techniques for the period 1965 to 2012. The results from the cointegration analysis indicate that the revenue gap in South Africa is negatively associated with the level of imports while positively related to external debt and underground economy. The former finding is consistent with the notion that imports are subjected to more taxation than domestic activities because of certain features of international trade that tend to make tax evasion difficult. On the other hand, the positive relationship between external debt and tax gap shows that the South African government relies upon external debt to finance its budget deficit resulting from missing revenues. Furthermore, the observed negative effect of the post-apartheid dummy confirms that the tax policy reforms that South Africa introduced following the liberation in 1994 have led to a reduction in missing revenues. The results from the Granger causality test also show that there is a unidirectional causality running from imports and underground economy to revenue gap, while revenue gap on the other hand is found to Granger-cause national income and external debt in South Africa.

The aim of the research was to determine the copper deposit volume on winter oilseed rape in three development phase (according to the BBCH scale: 12, 14 and 16). The experiment was performed in triplicate at the spraying speed of 0.86 m s-1. Two working fluids were used: foliar fertilizer Mikrovit Copper 80 and a nanocopper preparation, at the dose of 160 g Cu ha-1. The deposition treatment of the plants was conducted in the spraying chamber ‘Aporo1’ at two pressures (0.20 and 0.28 MPa), using two different types of flat fan nozzles. The dried rape plants were mineralized, and then, in order to determine the deposit, the Cu element concentration was measured using the spectrometer. The largest deposit of copper was obtained using the foliar fertilizer Mikrovit Copper 80 and using a double flat fan nozzle DF 120-02. The statistical analysis of the results of the study showed a significant effect of the type of liquid used on the value of copper deposit on winter oilseed rape plants.