Aluminium alloy is one of the most widely used engineering materials due to their relatively lower specific weight and corrosion resistance compared to steel. Besides, they are also relatively easier to machine. Aluminium alloys have been found to provide the highest degree of machinability compared to other lightweight metal such as titanium and magnesium alloys. Among every other type of aluminium alloy, the 6061 aluminium alloy has been used for general purposes due to some interesting attributes it possesses when compared to others. The investigation on the effect of machining condition on the corrosion of 6061 aluminium alloy has shown that the machining via electrical discharged provides better resistance to pitting corrosion than the diamond and carbide turning machine. Drilling, turning and cutting may influence the mechanical characteristics of the workpiece by producing hole opening around the low residual stresses and a small layer of extremely stressed material on the newly created surface, making it to become more prone to fatigue, crack propagation and corrosion at the stressed surface. The machining surface integrity has great influences on the fatigue lifetime of material since micro-cracks always initiate at the surface. The traditional machining techniques compared to the non-traditional or non-conventional techniques are more susceptible to the induction of poor surface integrity due to direct contact between the tool and workpiece which are characterised by several damage defects such as micro-cracks, surface hardening, roughness and residual tensile. This paper therefore provides an overview of the classes of aluminium alloys, there applications and machining of the alloys with a keen focus on 6061 aluminium alloy and exposition of various machining technique with both their beneficial and non-beneficial effects on the workpiece, tool life and the environment.

Machining takes place when a part of undesirable material ranging from metals, polymer, and wood to ceramic or even composite is removed from a part to give a better shape and design. The parts that are machined are called workpiece and undesirable materials are called the chips. The machining process is in three forms which are the conventional (traditional) process, abrasive process and non-traditional processes. This review paper focused on the various forms of machining in stainless steel, based on the machine able family. Stainless found the way into various applications resulting in their wide usage which include equipment in the industries, equipment’s in beverage and food, automotive trim and cookware. This paper aims at opening more light on the importance of stainless steel during machining operations.

Every manufacturing system can only survive with a high level of system planning and budgeting. Production planning is a sequential ladder in the manufacturing setting to ensure that materials input (raw materials, men, money, and machine) is made available within a stipulated time frame, in the appropriate amount to produce the demanded output of goods and services based on the schedule specified. Production planning also helps in making available high quality of goods and services in the right quantities to the customer at the demanded delivery timing to attain higher degree of customer satisfaction. Through production planning, different departmental activities i.e., engineering, production, purchasing, sales, and marketing, as well as stock control department, and other units that may relate to production are coordinated to attain a regular, steady, and balanced flow of production thus, enhancing reduction in production cycle time. Production planning serves as an instrument which estimates to gear up the performance of different departments and individuals of an organization in such a manner that will enhance better service to customers, fewer rush orders, more efficient use of equipment, reduced idle time of both machine and personnel, improved plant morale, good public image, and lower capital requirement, it may also create alternative plans to meet any form of emergency or contingency during the cause of production. From the foregoing, a manufacturing system that incorporates production planning in its operations will be more efficient, effective, and economical as compared with those that did not.

In attempt to eliminate wastage in the beverage industries a lot of reformations have been carried out in the past. Some of these reformations involve redesigning of operation process and repackaging of the content using scientifically improved materials. Packaging of beverages has been done using glass bottles, plastic, nylon and metal can. Although each of these packaging materials has one short coming or the other but not without few advantages. The beverage industry exhibits gigantic potential to minimise waste and shot the loops of recycling. Great commitment to waste reduction and recycling will provide extensive financial and countless environmental benefits. Concentrating on waste management can help to address raw material cost increment and sustainability of production. This paper seeks to investigate the sources of waste in beverage industries and several techniques that have been used to minimise them.

Elimination of waste has been the focus of beverage industries in Nigeria and in so many parts of the world. A lot of tools have been employed in the analysis and reduction of waste without the in-depth studies of the origin of these wastes. This present work carried out in-depth studies on the cause of waste in the beverage industry concentrating on canned beverages. Primary data were collected from a beverage industry, assessment of the production line and packaging section were carried out and the managers and employee were interrogated so as to obtain information used for this research. The data were analysed using the Pareto principle and the information obtained was used to design the current and future state mapping of the industry. The Pareto chart shows that production line and distributors constitute more than 90 % of the channel of waste while the in-house and transit waste constitute less than 10 %. The future state mapping proposed a reduction in the manpower from 17 to 12 which represents 29.41 % reduction and this will go a long way to affect the industries annual expenditure. The lead time was also reduced by 15 seconds, although this time seems small, the accumulation of this time is a whole lot in production.