Purpose: to develop an effective and affordable method for a practical doctor to predict the development of bacterial pneumonia in patients with influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections. Materials and methods: to develop a method for predicting bacterial pneumonia in patients with influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections, a continuous group of 247 patients was formed: 63 of them were diagnosed with bacterial pneumonia for 5-7 days of illness, and the remaining 184 had verified infectious diseases in uncomplicated form. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the proposed forecast method was performed on 150 patients with influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections. The technical basis of this study was the Extech 110 pH meter, with which the observed acidity of the skin of the lower third of the palmar surface of the forearm was studied on the 1-2, 3-4, 7-10 days of the disease. Results: the developed method for predicting bacterial pneumonia in patients with influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections is characterized by prostate use, as well as high rates of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy.Conclusions: the pH level of the skin of the palmar surface of the lower third of the forearm in patients with influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections of less than 4.80 is a statistically significant prognostic criterion for the development of this category of patients in the next 2-3 days of bacterial pneumonia.

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a distance >4% from all HBV/D subgenotypes and recombinants, suggesting a new HBV/D subgenotype . "Putative recombination between genotypes A and E was observed in a single isolate from the coastal region ( Figure 3a), while putative genotype D/E recombinants were observed in 2 isolates from the western region ( Figure 3b)." Conclusion:Despite of the availability of a stable HBV vaccine, the Prevalence of the virus was high among jaundice patients seeking health care. Genotype A1 is the predominant genotype in Kenya and in the Western region there are D/E. recombinants. Finding of the novel HBV recombinant strains in Kenya indicates that further investigation is required as the morbidity and progression of infection with such strains is not known. http://dx.

Background: Avian influenza (AI) infected and spread to 97 Local Government Areas affecting 25 of the 36 States of Nigeria. Virulent form of Newcastle disease has assumed endemic status in Nigeria. The study was conducted to detect the prevalence of H5 and H7 AI viruses and virulent strains of ND virus in poultry and wild birds in Bauchi and Gombe States, Nigerian.Methods & Materials: A cross-sectional study was conducted by collecting and testing cloacal swabs and blood of 910 apparently healthy domestic and 90 wild birds in randomly selected households and farms. Poultry species, captive and free flying wild birds were sampled in the study. All sera tested for the presence of H7 AI antibodies using (ELISA) and (HI) tests were negative.Results: Of the 500 sera tested from each state for AI H5 antibodies using (HI) and (ELISA) tests, 30 and 28 were positive in Bauchi and Gombe States respectively with a higher (16) detection rate by (HI). Thus AI H5 seroprevalence of 4.6% for both states and 3.2% and 4.9% for Bauchi and Gombe states respectively were obtained.The assessment of ND status showed seroprevalence of 36% in Bauchi State and 47% in Gombe State with an overall seroprevalence of 38.5% in both states. The highest specific prevalence of ND were 61.5% in Bauchi north and 57.6% in Gombe north. Chickens held the highest seroprevalence of AI H5 (3.2%) followed by turkeys (0.6%), guinea fowls (0.2%) and pigeons 0.2%. poultry in live bird markets had a 1.6% specific seroprevalence, 3.0% was obtained for commercial poultry and 2% for free ranging poultry. Molecular detection of NDV using PCR gave an overall prevalence of 17% with the prevalence of 8.5% in poultry and wild birds respectively. Local chickens held 10% of the total ND prevalence Conclusion: Avian influenza H5 and ND antibodies and viruses were detected at significant levels in apparently healthy domestic and wild birds. Strategies for effective AI and ND control measures should therefore incorporate AI and ND routine and sustainable surveillance in domestic and wild birds held in households, commercial farms and LBMs.http://dx.

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