стратегического планирования и управления медико-биологическими рисками здоровью» Федерального медико-биологического агентства, г. Москва; 2 ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный университет им. М. В. Ломоносова», г. Москва; 3 ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И. М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский университет), г. Москва Введение: Определение групп пациентов, наиболее уязвимых для влияния загрязнения воздуха, является необходимым звеном в разработке профилактических мер, направленных на повышение резистентности организма человека в условиях работы и проживания в местах с высоким уровнем загрязнения воздуха, что будет способствовать существенному снижению смертности и повышению продолжительности жизни в промышленных городах. Цель: Анализ влияния загрязнения атмосферного воздуха на смертность от основных неинфекционных заболеваний со стратификацией по полу, возрасту и причинам смерти. Методы: Для оценки изолированного влияния загрязнения атмосферного воздуха на смертность населения отобраны четыре пары городов со сходными природными и социально-экономическими условиями, но различным уровнем загрязнения воздуха (первый город с очень высоким загрязнением, второй -относительно чистый): Братск -Киров; Чита -Томск; Нижний Тагил -Киров; Магнитогорск -Оренбург. Проводилось сравнение показателей смертности от основных неинфекционных заболеваний со стратификацией по полу, возрасту и нозологической форме. Для оценки значимости различий между показателями ежегодной смертности в парах городов с разным уровнем загрязнения использовался двусторонний критерий Манна -Уитни. Результаты: Наибольшие различия выявлены в показателях смертности от сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний (ССЗ), они статистически значимо выше во всех возрастных группах, начиная с молодого возраста, в городах с высоким уровнем загрязнения атмосферного воздуха по сравнению с городами сравнения. Медианные значения смертности от ССЗ в первой группе городов не менее чем на 30 % превосходили соответствующие значения во второй. Влияние на смертность от других причин существенно менее выражено. Вывод: Полученные результаты указывают на необходимость проведения в городах с высоким уровнем загрязнения атмосферного воздуха дополнительных обследований во всех возрастных группах, начиная с молодого возраста, направленных на выявление и оценку факторов риска развития болезней системы кровообращения.
This literature review summarizes the evidence on the effects of air pollution on health of the population living in the Arctic Region. The available evidence suggests that the extreme climatic conditions of the Arctic affect the health of the population not only directly but also increase negative impact of air pollution on population health. An oxidative stress induces dysfunction of the vascular endothelium and membranes of epithelial cells. Synergetic effects of cold and air pollution accelerate aging of the human body in high latitudes affecting to the greatest extent the incidence of diseases of the circulatory and respiratory systems. This warrants development of special methods and tools for monitoring the state of the main target organs of such exposure for early detection of their dysfunction. These tools should be suitable for use in examining large groups of people working in the Arctic. Development of rehabilitation and treatment methods adapted to the conditions of the Arctic is also warranted.
The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of air pollution on the structure of reasons of death from major non communicable diseases in cities of the Russian Federation Material and methods. The study analyzed the mortality of people of working age (with stratification by gender and causes of death) in pairs of cities, with matching the cities of each pair by the climatic and socio-economic conditions, but the level of air pollution in one city significantly exceeded the level of pollution in another. The following pairs of cities were formed (“dirty” - “relatively clean”): Bratsk-Kirov; Nizhny Tagil-Kirov; Novokuznetsk-Tomsk; Chita-Tomsk; Magnitogorsk - Orenburg, Cherepovets-Vologda. The analysis included data on the mortality from diseases of the circulatory system, respiratory system, and oncological diseases, since according to WHO, air pollution primarily affects mortality from coronary heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer. Results. The mortality rate of people of working age from diseases of the circulatory system, primarily from cardiovascular diseases, is significantly higher in cities with a high level of pollution compared with cities with a lower level of pollution and similar climatic and socio-economic conditions. The mortality rate of men from cerebrovascular diseases in the group of dirty cities is higher than in compared cities in 4 out of 6 studied pairs. Moreover, differences in the mortality rate in women were less pronounced, they were revealed in 2 out of 6 compared pairs. The differences in mortality from oncological diseases were detected in 4 out of 6 comparison pairs for women and 2 out of 6 compared pairs for men. Conclusion. An analysis of the mortality used pairwise comparison of cities showed air pollution to most affect on the mortality from diseases of the circulatory system.
Increasing use of ionizing radiation sources in different spheres of human life dictates the need for investigating the effects of low-dose radiation on mortality and morbidity. The aim of this study was to compare mortality from the most common non-communicable diseases in the cities of Severodvinsk and Arkhangelsk. We analyzed the rates of age- and sex-specific mortality from circulatory system diseases (CSD), malignancies, digestive system disorders, respiratory system diseases, and external causes. CSD-related mortality among men and women past working age was higher in Severodvinsk than in Arkhangelsk (median (Q1; Q3): 3,349 (3,271; 3,458) vs 2,651 (2,618; 2,756), p < 0.012; 1,947 (1,890; 2,022) vs 1,753 (1,727; 1,809), p < 0.012; 292 (281; 342) vs 265 (253; 274), p < 0.025, respectively). For other causes of death, mortality rates in Severodvinsk did not exceed those in Arkhangelsk. Increased mortality from CSD in Severodvinsk cannot be linked to socioeconomic conditions or chemical air pollution because the standard of living is higher in Severodvinsk than in Arkhangelsk, whereas the level of chemical pollution is lower. At the same time, the presence of the nuclear shipyard and radioactive waste repository in Severodvinsk could cause chronic exposure to low-dose radiation. It is important to expand preventive measures aimed at early detection of vascular damage in nuclear workers and general groups of population residing in the vicinity of hazardous radiation sites.
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