This review presents a generalized definition of vesicles as bilayer extracellular organelles of all celular forms of life: not only eu-, but also prokaryotic. The structure and composition of extracellular vesicles, history of research, nomenclature, their impact on life processes in health and disease are discussed. Moreover, vesicles may be useful as clinical instruments for

The possibility of using a composite ceramic based on biogenic hydroxyapatite (BHA) as a carrier for cultured stem cells is examined. The results of investigations of the microstructure and biochemical activity of samples of BHA-based glass ceramic with the maximum open porosity, which were prepared for use as substrates for in vitro cloning fibroblast cells, are presented. The results of a visual assessment performed with a fluorescence microscope of cell adhesion and cell proliferation activity on bioresorptive membrane-type substrates made of a composite material based on biogenic hydroxyapatite are also presented.The creation and development of carriers for cellular and bacterial cultures is a necessary step in the development of technology for medical materials science. The main factors having a positive effect on cell preservation and division are the bioactivity, texture, and porous structure of the carrier material.It has been established that a de-mineralized bone matrix possesses stronger inductive properties than hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate and is a better promoter of adhesion and proliferation of cultivated cell lines [1,2]. The use of calcium phosphates combined with sodium or magnesium phosphates with the addition of silicon oxide has been studied in [3], and it has been established that these particular biomaterials have a positive effect on the differentiation of osteoblasts and osteogenesis.Glass ceramic obtained on the basis of synthetic hydroxyapatite and medical sodium silicate glass can also be used as carriers for stem cells [4]. It has been established that the phase of active growth of a human diploid cell culture proceeds best with high open porosity and permeability of substrates consisting of the above-mentioned glass ceramics.The study of the cloning effectiveness for precursor stem cells of human bone marrow on the biogenic hydroxyapatite (BHA) based glass-ceramic substrates obtained at the Institute of Materials Science of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences has shown that ceramics containing residual carbon have the best adaptation properties [5]. It has also been determined that such biomaterial implanted in children with damaged bone tissue accelerates osteogenesis as a result of enhanced bio-resorption and osteoconduction [6].The high bioactivity of composite materials based on BHA and sodium-borosilicate glass is due to the particulars of the microstructure of the glass ceramic, which preserve the microstructure of the natural mineral in mammalian bones, identical to the microstructure of human bones. These minerals consist of nanograins assembled into micro-and macroagglomerates whose structure contains pores with an enormous size spectrum ranging from several tens of nanometers to hundreds of micrometers [7,8]. The complex structure of individual crystalline BHA particles and the pores inhering in them remains in BHA-glass ceramic.The aim of the present study was to prepare samples of BHA-based glass ceramic with maximum open porosity to check their use as m...