Traumatic brain injury (TBI) heavily impacts the body: it damages the brain tissue and the peripheral nervous system and shifts homeostasis in many types of tissue. An acute brain injury compromises the “brain–gut-microbiome axis”, a well-balanced network formed by the brain, gastrointestinal tract, and gut microbiome, which has a complex effect: damage to the brain alters the composition of the microbiome; the altered microbiome affects TBI severity, neuroplasticity, and metabolic pathways through various bacterial metabolites. We modeled TBI in rats. Using a bioinformatics approach, we sought to identify correlations between the gut microbiome composition, TBI severity, the rate of neurological function recovery, and blood metabolome. We found that the TBI caused changes in the abundance of 26 bacterial genera. The most dramatic change was observed in the abundance of Agathobacter species. The TBI also altered concentrations of several metabolites, specifically citrulline and tryptophan. We found no significant correlations between TBI severity and the pre-existing gut microbiota composition or blood metabolites. However, we discovered some differences between the two groups of subjects that showed high and low rates of neurological function recovery, respectively. The present study highlights the role of the brain–gut-microbiome axis in TBI.

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Aim. The present article examines key methods of microbiota correction (antibiotic therapy; pro-, pre- and metabiotic therapy; faecal microbiota transplantation) used in treating inflammatory bowel disease, as well as compares the clinical trial results of these methods.Key findings. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an umbrella term used to describe a group of chronic diseases of unknown aetiology. In the past, bacteriological methods based on the isolation of a pure bacterial culture were used to determine the microbiota composition. However, such methods did not provide complete information on the microbiota composition. In recent years, preference has been given to more accurate and faster molecular genetic methods allowing a more detailed study of the key mechanisms by which microbiota affects the intestine in Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), as well as of the effect of microbial metabolites on their pathogenesis. The article provides an overview of main microbiota metabolites and their role in regulating the intestinal barrier function. One of the current issues consists in the development of personalised approaches to therapy and remission maintenance in IBD, including via methods for correcting the microbial composition: probiotic, prebiotic and metabiotic therapy, as well as faecal microbiota transplantation.Conclusion. The use of probiotics, prebiotics, and metabiotics can enhance the effectiveness of therapeutic regimens and significantly improve the quality of life of patients with chronic IBD. The use of antibiotics and faecal microbiota transplantation in treating IBD is the subject of extensive discussion and debate. The safety of these methods has not been confirmed so far; therefore, it is vital to continue studying their influence on the clinical condition of patients.

The increasing chemicalization of production and life leads to the pollution of water bodies by chemicals, the effect of which on the micro - and macro - organisms is poorly understood. This section of the study in sanitary bacteriology is becoming ever more topical and is an important task of modern hygienic science. One of complicacies of the study of the problem is related with the fact that the presence of only experimental data fails to be sufficient, as the impact of any given chemical substance on different bacteria in the experiment does not mean that under natural conditions, similar results will be obtained. One reason for this may be the inhibitory effect of the given chemical on biological properties of bacteria, while in field conditions in the water several chemicals interacting with each other can exist. In this regard, the aim of the work was to assess the indicator value of sanitary and microbiological indices of epidemic hazard of water use in conditions of chemical pollution of surface water bodies.

The used methodology of the scientific substantiation of indicators is in the establishment of the conformity of laws of vital activity of indicator and pathogenic microorganisms in the real conditions of the action of the complex of factors, including disinfecting agents. In the one water sample simultaneously there were determined both the general indicator (GICB), thermotolerant (TTCB), glucose positive (GPCB) coliform bacteria, E.coli. On the base of long-term research in the various regions of the Russian Federation, as well with bearing in mind the analysis of domestic and foreign data, comparing the water quality and the incidence of intestinal infections in population it is recommended to use the index of determination of the total number glucose positive coliform bacteria (GPCB), which brings together a much broader range of bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family in comparison with total coliform bacteria (TCB) and thermotolerant coliform bacteria (TTCB) and warrants the absence in the test volume of water as an indicator lactose positive (E.coli, TCB, TTCB) and pathogens (salmonella) and potentially pathogenic bacteria which do not ferment lactose. Proposed index of GPCB is shown to allow to assess epidemiological risks not only more accurate, but also more efficiently without increasing the cost performance of bacteriological research.