Gaining a predictable outcome in endodontics is complicated by handling an endodontically treated. Compared to primary root canal therapy, non-surgical endodontic retreatment typically entails the removal of previous root filling materials. This process may be necessary to enable access to contaminated canal space for recleaning and to remove obturation materials that may have been contaminated by marginal penetration of microorganisms and microbial toxins. The achievement of patency at the canal terminus and the extension of cleaning as close as possible to the apical terminus have been identified as healing prognostic criteria. Gutta-percha (GP) is the current mainstay material utilised as an endodontic filling material, capable of performing comprehensive, three-dimensional sealing of the treated root canal system in a highly effective manner with considerable physical durability. Interestingly, since its initial discovery in the 17th century, GP remains to this day the ideal obturation material used across, in essence, all dental clinics globally due to its material properties and versatility for use in conjunction with sealer compounds. The development of GP removal systems that can manage to remove GP in its entirety from root canals during non-surgical retreatment procedures is currently highly desirable for dental practices. This literature review investigated this current research niche and scrutinised two prevalently utilised rotary systems – Edgefile-XR and the XP-Endo shaper systems.

Background: Asthma is a chronic disease known to have an increasing incidence and severity among children. The parents of children with bronchial asthma have an essential role in managing the disease. Therefore, the burden of this disease needs to be explored. Objective: To assess the control of bronchial asthma among secondary school students in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 487 secondary schools in Abha City was done during the 2017 academic year. The data collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire included personal characteristics, identified precipitants of asthmatic attacks and the Asthma Control Test. Results: The most frequent allergens included dust (95.6%), smoke (80%) and incense (65.9%). The disease was not controlled in 80% of the asthmatic respondents. The prevalence of the disease was significantly higher among cigarette smokers than non-smokers (20.7% vs 8.5%, p = 0.028). Students who were allergic to incense had a significantly higher prevalence of uncontrolled asthma than those who were not allergic to incense (p = 0.021). Conclusions: Most cases of asthma are not controlled, and some cases have seasonality, mainly during winter and autumn. Allergy to Arabian incense is a risk factor for poor control of bronchial asthma in the population studied.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of several irrigants and an aqueous extract of Fructus mume in eradicating three kinds of biofilm. Materials and Methods: A three-species biofilm of E. faecalis, P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum were cultivated for one week on Thermanox™ plates. Each specimen was immersed for 8 minutes in various irrigants: Fructus mume solution, buffered citric acid, sodium hypochlorite and control (non-irrigated). LIVE/DEAD® BacLightTM staining and confocal light scanning microscopy were used to determine the number of viable bacteria left on the substrate. The same biofilm was then extracted and subjected to scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: Images were taken at 12 locations across the biofilm, which were then classified into four areas of concern: Bottom, which would spend the most of the experiment submerged in the solution; It was struck in the centre by the stream of irrigant.; Middle and Upper, where the impression was caused by the irrigant splattering or vaporizing. Results of the amount of viable bacteria residual indicated that Fructus mume showed no significant activity, with an effect like control and even buffered citric acid, and significantly inferior to sodium hypochlorite. Conclusion: Sodium hypochlorite (0.5%) solution was greater to buffered citric acid, Fructus mume and control group as an antimicrobial agent against three-species biofilm.

A 61-year old Chinese female was referred from a general private practitioner for persistent buccal abscess after completion of root canal treatment of tooth 37. On clinical examination, tooth 37 presented with a metal-ceramic crown (CMC) with 2mm of gingival recession noted at the buccal region. The overlying amalgam core was overhanging on distal and grade 2 mobility. The 37 CMC have no contact point at the distal. Tooth 37 was not tender to palpation but tender to percussion. No periodontal pocketing was detected. The periapical radiograph revealed a periapical radiolucent area associated end of its root. These 37 apices were resorbed, probably a result of the apical periodontitis there. Widening of periodontal space was noted with this 37. A diagnosis of chronic apical periodontitis with external resorption of root apices with a C-shaped canal was made for the tooth 37.Membrane barrier technique with MTA was used for obturation. A bonded amalgam core was placed in this tooth.