While 49 firm-level determinants of low-technology (LT) innovation

Local government reform in Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province between 2001 and 2009 is examined through the lens of multi-level governance. The reforms were initiated by the military-led government of Pervez Musharraf and entrenched the power of the federal government. The reforms of 2001–09 were similar to the reforms implemented by the governments of Ayub Khan in the 1960s and Zia-ul-Haque in 1979. The article argues that three different military governments pursued similar programmes of constitutional reform to secure themselves in power. We conclude that devolution may not always enhance democracy.

Abstract

This paper examines movie projects from the perspective of organizational complexity. Drawing on qualitative data collected from production efforts within Pakistan's movie industry, this paper argues that there are causal relationships between the themes of quality, money, rework, malpractice, delays, and cancellations. Furthermore, feedback loops are present between the themes of 'quality, money, and rework' and 'quality, money, and malpractices'. These loops are consequential in that they often lead to contract cancellation, although the cause of cancellation is different in each case. Whilst the importance of these loops cannot be overstated, we argue that these concepts emphasize the non-linear, emergent, and stable/unstable nature of creative efforts.

No abstract