Traditional plant breeding encompasses repetitive crossing and selection based on morphological traits, while phenotypic selection has been complemented by molecular methods in recent decades. Genome editing with techniques like the CRISPR-Cas9 system is still a novel approach that is being used to make direct modifications to nucleotide sequences of crops. In addition to these genetic alterations, an improved understanding of epigenetic variations such as DNA methylation on the phenotype of plants has led to increased opportunities to accelerate crop improvement. DNA methylation is the most widely studied epigenetic mark in plants and other eukaryotes. These epigenetic marks are highly conserved and involved in altering the activities and functions of developmental signals by catalyzing changes in the chromatin structure through methylation and demethylation. Cytosine methylation (5mC) is the most prevalent modification found in DNA. However, recent identification of N6-methyladenosine (6mA) in plants starts to reveal their critical role in plant development. Epigenetic modifications are actively involved in creating the phenotype by controlling essential biological mechanisms. Epigenetic modifications could be heritable and metastable causing variation in epigenetic status between or within species. However, both genetic and heritable epigenetic variation has the potential to drive natural variation. Hence, epigenome editing might help overcome some of the shortcomings of genome editing (such as gene knockout), which can have significant off-target effects and only enables the loss of a gene’s function. In this review, we have discussed the mechanism underlying DNA methylation and demethylation in plants. Methyltransferases and demethylases are involved in catalyzing specific types of modification. We also discuss the potential role of DNA modifications in crop improvement for meeting the requirements of sustainable and green agriculture.

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Citrus is an important fruit crop of the world. It is the most important commercial fruit crop having higher moisture contents and nutrient composition. Citrus losses are mainly due to diseases that highly affect their quality and quantity. Black rot of fruit caused by Alternaria citri, is a significant fungal disease of citrus that causes severe losses in citrus orchards of the world. It affects most of the members of the citrus family and often causes severe losses. The disease primarily affects the aboveground parts of plants, leaves explicitly, and fruits. The first symptoms, however, usually appear on the leaves as black necrotic lesions. Later black necrotic lesions are also formed on fruits, and with the age of plants, the fruits become soft and black rot. The disease has been controlled by cultural practices and by growing resistant cultivars that do not allow the entry of the pathogen. Preharvest fungicides are also applied to prevent the disease but are not highly effective. Postharvest sprays with fungicides have also controlled the disease. However, fungicides are not eco-friendly, and demands for alternatives are arising. Other options are the application of biological control agents; however, biological agents are not effective under field conditions. The present review summarizes the current status of black rot of citrus and its management strategies.

Aims and object: To assess the aetiology and management of Fournier's gangrene. Methodology: We examined 30 paients retrospectivdely, during the period from 2015 to 2020, the patients from the Urology department of CMC Hospital at SMBB Medical University Larkana. All the related data were taken as well as demographic details, history and risk factor from the patients regarding illness. Routine investigation carried out including Blood CP ESR, Urine Dr, Blood sugar, Renal profile and pus culture sensitivity. 20 patients under gone for surgical debridement, 5 patients require skin grafting and 4 patients requires testes burrial after recovery under aseptic measures. Result: 30 male patients with mean age 20±10.5 year. Majority (80%) of patient presenting with necrotising infection on scrotum,perineum and hypogatric area. Basic laboratory investigations including Blood CBC showed mean WBC 15000/cmm3, mean Hb was 8.5 gms, Urine analysis showed pyuria and haematuria, pus culture and sensitivity positive in 90% cases and most prevalent organism was E.Coli, Mean Blood urea was 35mg and serum creatinine was 1.9mg. Commonest causes of fourneir gangreen was trauma, UTI, urethral stricture, indewelling catheter and perianal abcess and D.M was commonest comorbidity). All patients treated by surgical debridement while 5 patients requires skin grafting and 4 patients requires testes burrial after recovery under aseptic measures with with triple regimen antibiotics. Conclusion: Surgical debridment of necrotic tissues and triple regimen antibiotic are the main stay for primary management of Fournier's gangrene (FG) to decrease the morbidity and mortality keywords:

Background: Tuberculosis of the glans penis is a rare occurrence., even in developing nations. Aim and Object: To review the literature and case presentation of Tb of glans penis Methodology: Pakmedinet, Pubmed and google data were searched for Tb of glans penis. Literature Review: Tuberclosis of the penis can be primary or secondary, and it might look like penile cancer, penile ulcers (granulomatous), genital herpes simplex or HIV infection. Tb of the Penis can develop after a individual who had primary pulmonary Tb and can be spread through ejaculation, contamination of endometerium secretions or clothes, as a result of a previous pulmonary Tb or Tb somewhere else. Tb of the Penis is characterised by a tiny nodule on the penis that is either painless or painful, an ulcer, a mass that progressively increasing and be swelling. Palpation of inguinal lymph nodes and erection problems of the penis can or can not observed. Normally, the patient's voiding is normal. Biopsy or acid fast bacilli in penile discharge or positive Elisa serology or PCR for tuberculosis are used to confirm the diagnosis. Needs 6 months, pulmonary tuberculosis therapy. Conclusions: Tb of the glans penis is an uncommon occurrence. After a biopsy, antitubercular medications are the standard treatment, thus doctors should evaluate the potential of Tb of the penis in instances of penile lesions. Keywords: Tb, penis, presentatation management and review litrarature