ZnO nanowire-based surface plasmon polariton (SPP) nanolasers with metal–insulator–semiconductor hierarchical nanostructures have emerged as potential candidates for integrated photonic applications. In the present study, we demonstrated an SPP nanolaser consisting of ZnO nanowires coupled with a single-crystalline aluminum (Al) film and a WO3 dielectric interlayer. High-quality ZnO nanowires were prepared using a vapor phase transport and condensation deposition process via catalyzed growth. Subsequently, prepared ZnO nanowires were transferred onto a single-crystalline Al film grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Meanwhile, a WO3 dielectric interlayer was deposited between the ZnO nanowires and Al film, via e-beam technique, to prevent the optical loss from dominating the metallic region. The metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) structured SPP laser, with an optimal WO3 insulating layer thickness of 3.6 nm, demonstrated an ultra-low threshold laser operation (lasing threshold of 0.79 MW cm−2). This threshold value was nearly eight times lower than that previously reported in similar ZnO/Al2O3/Al plasmonic lasers, which were ≈2.4 and ≈3 times suppressed compared to the SPP laser, with WO3 insulating layer thicknesses of 5 nm and 8 nm, respectively. Such suppression of the lasing threshold is attributed to the WO3 insulating layer, which mediated the strong confinement of the optical field in the subwavelength regime.

Indonesia is attempting to rebuild the entire country's condition to the "New Normal" era during the COVID-19 pandemic. One of the emerging technologies with significant potential for dealing with the crisis is Immersive Technology (ImTech). In Indonesia, there is a growing demand for immersive technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR). The Indonesian government is actively prioritizing digitalization implementation in various sectors to stimulate a post-COVID-19 recovery. This study aims to map the current and potential future applications of ImTech in Indonesia about dealing with the "New Normal" following the COVID-19 pandemic. A systematic literature review (SLR) was used to analyze the publications for a thorough understanding of the existing ImTech applications in Indonesia. According to 50 papers, the ontology of current ImTech applications in Indonesia is produced, focusing on four sectors (medical, industry, tourism, and education). As indicated by the growth of "start-ups" relating to this technological application, Indonesia has enormous potential to adopt ImTech. The future application of this technology is discussed on the industrial sector.

Effects of high-k dielectric MoO 3 and Ta 2 O 5 interlayers on the lasing thresholds of ZnO/high-k material/Al nanolasers have been investigated. The results demonstrated the highdielectric-constant materials as the interlayers over the epitaxially grown aluminum (Al) film consisting of high-quality ZnO nanowires constructing superb low threshold surface-plasmon polariton lasers. High-quality ZnO nanowires grown via the chemical vapor deposition process were used as the gain media placed over a single-crystalline Al film deposited via molecular beam epitaxy. For high metallic losses in the Al film, high k-dielectric material films (MoO 3 and Ta 2 O 5 ), deposited using the electron beam technique, are inserted in the midst of the Al film and ZnO nanowires to reduce the material losses and enhance the optical confinement. It has been found that the lasing threshold varies with the increasing thickness and reduces while increasing the dielectric constant. The performances are compared with those of similarly fabricated nanolasers with Al 2 O 3 and WO 3 dielectric interlayers. The critical roles of dielectric constants of the dielectric interlayers in influencing the thresholds of lasing are elucidated. Highly suppressed losses in lasing can be attributed to the dielectric layer that manifests the strong energy confinement in the sub regime. It also shows that the correlation of the lasing threshold with the dielectric constant value applies mainly to the same laser system. For different systems, other factors such as the crystallinity and defects present should be taken into consideration.

No abstract