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Transportation improvements inevitably lead to an uneven distribution of user benefits, in space and by network type (private and public transport). This paper makes a moral argument for what would be a fair distribution of these benefits. The argument follows Walzer"s "Spheres of Justice" approach to define the benefits of transportation, access, as a sphere deserving a separate, non-market driven, distribution. That distribution, we propose, is one where the maximum gap between the lowest and highest accessibility, both by mode and in space, should be limited, while attempting to maximize average access. We then review transportation planning practice for a-priori distributional goals and find little explicit guidance in conventional and even justice-oriented transportation planning and analyses. We end with a discussion of the implications for practice.

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Studies have shown that proximity to light rail transit (LRT) stations positively affects property values and that these effects can appear before a system opens for operation. Here, we expand on these questions. We explore capitalization effects at several stages during the planning process for four real estate markets: single-family homes, homes in multifamily structures, commercial properties, and vacant land, using the case study of the LRT system in Phoenix, Arizona. We confirm earlier results concerning the value of proximity, and also find that markets exhibit value increases at different stages during the planning and construction process.