Objective: The objective is to compare the internal morphology of premolars while applying the Vertucci and recent classification system for root canal variations in the Gujarat population using CBCT. Materials and methodology: A sample size of 537 CBCT images collected from various diagnostic centers in Gujarat was analyzed. The root canal morphology was then classified by using two methods - Ahmed et al. and Vertucci classification system. Fisher’s exact test and Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. Results: All the premolars revealed a varied canal configuration. More than half of maxillary first and 42% of maxillary second premolars were double rooted. Vertucci type IV classification was the most common in first maxillary premolars and Type I and type IV were commonly seen in second premolars. According to the new system, the code 2 N B 1 P 1 was commonly seen for first maxillary premolars. The majority of mandibular premolars were single rooted. Classification wise type I Vertucci and 1 N 1 were the most common types observed. Conclusion: Premolars - both maxillary and mandibular - in this subpopulation had a wide range of root canal anatomical variations. Clinicians should be aware of this for a successful treatment outcome. The new system for classifying canal morphology describes the root and canal configurations in a more accurate and practical manner compared to the Vertucci classification and hence can be used routinely.

Background: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is one of the causes of perinatal mortality and morbidity which affects approximately 9.65% of pregnancies worldwide. Doppler indices from the fetal circulation can reliably predict adverse perinatal outcome. Aims &objectives: To compare perinatal complications and outcome between term and preterm IUGR neonates having normal and abnormal umbilical artery flow Doppler. Methodology: 140 IUGR Neonates with abnormal and normal antenatal umbilical artery Doppler scan admitted in NICU of Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad were included in the study. Amongst them 52 were preterm and 88 were term neonates. Study was conducted between October 2019 to December 2019. Primary outcome measure is neonatal mortality and secondary outcome measure is neonatal morbidities like perinatal asphyxia, hypoglycemia, NEC, hyperbilirubinemia etc. Results: Amongst140 IUGR neonates Preterm were more in case group 36(51.4%) compared to control group 16(22.8 %.) Hypoglycaemia and NEC was observed more in preterm 19 (36.5%) and 14(26.9%) compared to 16(18.2%) and 11(12.5%) in term respectively. Birth asphyxia was observed more in term 26(29.5%) than preterm 7(13.5%). At birth perinatal asphyxia was observed more in case group, 27 out of 70 (38.5%), as compared to 6 out of 70 (8.5%) in control group (P <0.05). Hypoglycemia and NEC was noticed in 30(42.8%) and 24(34.2%) neonates in case group, as compared to 5(7.1%) and 2(2.8%) neonates in control group respectively. (P < 0.05) Conclusion: Neonates with abnormal Umbilical Artery Doppler flow are at increased risk of perinatal complications and needs extra care during this period.

Background: muscle tightness is the most common disorder in normal healthy Indiviuals.Calf muscle tightness is very common occurring condition. Stretching is form of physical exercise in which a specific muscle or tendon (muscle group) is deliberately flexed or stretched in order to improve the muscle's felt elasticity and achieve comfortable muscle tone.Purpose of the study is to compare effectiveness of PNF stretching and static stretching in in improving the calf muscle flexibility.Materials and Methods: 30 subjects (n=30) between 5-22years (male and female) with calf tightness were randomly divided in to two groups equally. Each group consists of 15 subjects. Calf flexibility for each group was measured using the Silfverskiold test. Subjects of A group treated with PNF stretching technique, whereas the subjects of group B were treated with static stretching. Treatment was given for 15 days. Results:The PNF technique (group A) the value of the dorsiflexion is increased at the end of the 15 days (19.86) compared to baseline value (13.07). Conclusion:The both PNF and static stretching techniques are effective in improving the calf muscle flexibility but the PNF stretching is more effective compared to static stretching to improve calf muscle flexibility.