The authors report no conflicts of interest. A.S. worked up the case, reviewed the literature, and drafted the case report. S.D.reviewed the literature and drafted the case report. N.M. worked up and followed up the case, facilitated molecular diagnosis, and critically analyzed the article. A.R. operated the case and facilitated diagnosis. N.M. is the guarantor.

Tuberculosis (TB) in India accounts for about a quarter of the world's TB cases and children are at high risk of tuberculous infection and TB disease. TB diagnosis in children continues to be a challenge due to difficulty in getting appropriate samples and paucibacillary disease. In recently revised recommendations a major emphasis has been made on microbial diagnosis and more liberal use of molecular diagnostic modalities like cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) and line probe assay. Cartridge based nucleic acid amplification test (CB-NAAT, GeneXpert,) is now considered as a World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended rapid diagnostic (WRD ) and is a very simple test ,with a well-established role in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) cases in comparison to AFB smear. CBNAAT should be offered upfront whereever TB is suspected. Drug sensitivity tests (DST) should always be attempted in all positive cases. For latent TB infection diagnosis intradermal TST is widely used however interferon-gamma release assays is also an equivalent option.

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Background: Diseases of the thyroid gland are one of the most common endocrine disorders in India and the world, many of these diseases require surgery for their treatment. The incidence of thyroid diseases differs from one geographical area to another. This study was aimed at finding out the thyroid pathologies for which thyroid surgeries were performed in D. Y. Patil Hospital, Nerul, Navi Mumbai.Methods: It is a retrospective analysis of all the patients who have undergone thyroid surgeries (lobectomy, hemithyroidectomy, subtotal or near total thyroidectomy or total thyroidectomy) in D. Y. Patil hospital, Nerul, Navi Mumbai from 1st January 2018 to 31st December 2019 (2 years duration).Results: Most common pathology for which thyroidectomy was performed was colloid goitre (41.33%). Benign diseases of the thyroid was much more common (76%) than malignant diseases (24%). Most common malignancy was papillary carcinoma thyroid. Thyroid surgeries were most commonly performed on women in their 5th decade of life.Conclusions: Colloid goitre was the most common pathology for which thyroid surgeries were performed and females in their 5th decade of life were the most common patients undergoing thyroidectomy.