Background: The thyroid gland is an important endocrine organ required for the regulation of the basal metabolic rate. It also plays a very important role in growth. Thyroid disorders have great importance because most thyroid diseases are curable. In any area, thyroid gland disorders have a variable incidence and prevalence depending upon several factors. The objective of the study is to find out the relation of age and gender with the frequency of various thyroid lesions.Materials & Methods: It was a descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out on thyroidectomy specimens received at the histopathology laboratory of Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi. From January 2015 to June 2018, 242 thyroidectomy specimens were selected based on non-probability consecutive sampling. Reports with no clear-cut definitive diagnosis were excluded. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22.Results: In our study of 242 thyroidectomy specimens, patients' age ranged from 4 to 70 years. 40 to 49 years was the peak age and the mean age was 37.1 years. The female to male ratio was 6.4:1. Of 242 cases, 18(7.4%) were neoplastic thyroid lesions and 224(92.6%) were non-neoplastic ones. Hyperplastic lesions were the most common in our study. The frequency of the inflammatory lesion was 4.1% with Hashimoto thyroiditis (80%) being the most common. The frequency of benign neoplasm was 2.1%. A follicular adenoma was the only benign thyroid neoplasm in our study. The frequency of malignant neoplasm was 5.4%. The most common subtype of thyroid malignancy was papillary thyroid carcinoma (76.9% of the malignant cases). Among a total of 242 cases, 83.1%(n=201) patients had only one presenting complaint (neck swelling). Conclusion: Thyroid disorders are more common in females compared to males. The hyperplastic lesion is the most common type seen. In this study, the most common benign neoplasm is follicular adenoma and the most common malignant neoplasm is papillary carcinoma. Neck swelling is the commonest presenting complaint in our study participants.

Introduction: Lymph node biopsies are routinely performed for the evaluation of lymphadenopathies. Tuberculosis and other infections are the major causes of lymphadenopathy in developing countries. The pattern of lymph node enlargement is different for different age groups. Malignancies are common in adults as compared to children.Objective: To document the incidence of diseases causing lymphadenopathy along with the demographics of the population under study, and to correlate site and size of lymphadenopathy with the histopathological diagnosis.Materials and Methods: A total of 163 patients whose lymph nodes biopsies were performed from January 2015 to June 2018 were included in the study. All demographic and laboratory data were recorded on a proforma and analyzed using SPSS version 22.Results: A total of 163 biopsies were studied with ages ranging from 03 to 96 years. Female patients were 57.05% and male patients 42.94%. In the studied cases, 74.84% were found to be non-neoplastic, 13.5% neoplastic while 11.65% of cases biopsies were either unremarkable or non-lymphoid tissue was biopsied. Reactive hyperplasia was the commonest lesion accounting for 50.3% of cases, followed by tuberculosis (23.3%), metastatic carcinoma (6.2%), lymphoproliferative disorders (1.84%), Hodgkin’s lymphoma (3%), non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (2.45%) and non-caseating granulomatous lymphadenitis (1.22%) respectively. Lymph node size was found to be greater than 2cm in only 25.7% of cases.Conclusion: Reactive hyperplasia and tuberculosis are the most common diagnosis in lymph node biopsies. Lymph node biopsy is a diagnostic and reliable histologic investigation to differentiate non-neoplastic lesions from neoplastic lesions, and further classify the disease based on microscopic findings in both cases.