Questionnaire based field survey was conducted with the purpose to access the production and market situation of mandarin orange among 120 farmers in Gulmi district. For the ease of the study, the sampled farmers were categorized according to their orchard land holding into small holders and commercial producers respectively. The average production of mandarin for smallholders and commercial producers were 0.987 tons and 3.645tons with productivity of 7.45 t/ha and 9.66 t/ha respectively. The average variable cost of production for small holder growers was found higher with NRs. 385581.16/ha. However, gross margin and B: C ratio was found higher in commercial producers which were NRs. 388040.43/ha and 2.59 respectively. Cobb-Douglas production function was used for the analysis of factor of production which showed human labor, irrigation cost, manure cost and transport cost was significant contributor in the return of mandarin. Pre-harvest contract was the most common marketing pattern with 60% of the producers following producer to contractor channel. The major production and marketing problems were lack of irrigation, lack of quality sapling, fruit drop. Low price offered to farmers, lack of processing activities and technical constraints in the study area.

Coffee is a major plantation crop grown in the hilly tracts of Nepal. This study is an attempt to assess the economic production situation of Arghakhanchi and Gulmi districts which were selected through cluster sampling technique. A total of 100 households among coffee growers, 50 each from Arghakhanchi, and Gulmi districts were sampled by using a multistage cluster sampling technique and interviewed with a pre-tested semi-structured interview schedule. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and independent-sample t-test were used for data analysis using SPSS version 25 and MS-Excel 2013. The average area under coffee production was 0.88 ropani. The overall average coffee production was 58.11 kg/HH while the coffee production per HH among the coffee growers in Arghakhanchi and Gulmi was 51.68 kg and 64.54 kg respectively. The total cost incurred in coffee production was USD 19.16 per ropani. The share of labor in total cost was 40%. The overall average coffee yield was 75.00 kg/ropani. The average annual income per ropani from coffee was USD 38.66 which was higher for coffee growers in the Gulmi district than that of the Arghakhanchi district. The B:C ratio in the study area was 2.02 while the B:C ratio in Gulmi (2.52) was higher than that of Arghakhanchi (1.52). The contribution of coffee in total household income from agriculture was 5 percent showing is to be one of the major influencing commodities.

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