Thalassemia is a hereditary blood disorder which is passed down through families in which the body makes an abnormal form of hemoglobin. This disorder results in the destruction of red blood cell in large number, which leads to anemia. It is caused by mutation in the DNA of cells that make hemoglobin. Thalassemia should be prevented by premarital screening and prenatal diagnosis which is helpful in decreasing prevalence and future incidence of thalassemia. The most important problem in thalassemia patients are iron overload, cardiac arrhythmia, hepatitis, osteoporosis and endocrine disorder however there are typical signs and symptoms of anemia. People with thalassemia can get treatment as indicated by the degree of seriousness of their condition. Blood transfusion is the common treatment for thalassemia. This review presents the types, diagnosis, prevalence, complications and treatment of thalassemia. Thalassemias are a major public health issue in many populations which many health authorities fail to address. These requirements are notrecognized by measures such as the Global Burden of Disease project, which ranks thalassemia very low in terms of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and fails to consider that it ranks highly in the one to four-year-oldag egroup, making itanimportant contributor to under-5mortality. Thalassemia doesnot fulfil the criteria to be accepted as a target disease for neonatal screening. Nevertheless, dependingon the screening methodology, severe cases of thalassemia will be detected inmostneonatalscreening programs for sickle cell disease. This is very valuable because: (1) it helps to prepare the affected families for having asick childand (2) it is an important measure of secondary prevention.

A total of 50 patients aged 35-75 years From Al-Sader educational Hospital in Al-Najaf city was studied to determine the glycated hemoglobin risk factors with value creatinine and urea in serum and diabetic nephropathy. Diabetic patient were (35-45 years old) with HbA1c 7.9 % (60mmol/mol). Patient were (45–55 years old), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) andgt; 8.5 %. Patients between (55–65 years were glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) andgt;10.5 %. HbA1c levels, lipid profile, level of Creatinine and urea in serum, family history, BMI, blood pressure, disease severity, and complications were determined. Most patients developed some grade of retinopathy (examined by an ophthalmologist) except those with HbA1c 6.7% (50mmol/mol). Diabetic patients aged (55–65 years old) with HbA1c 7.6% (60mmol/mol). Patients aged 56–75 years old of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) andgt;7% with poor glycaemia control ≥ 126mg/dL were assessed to classify diabetic retinopathy. HbA1c and GA are associated with nephropathy separately. Retinopathy and nephropathy may respond to different aspects of hyperglycemia. The GA found as a powerful indicator of microvascular complications same as HbA1c where long-term glycaemia is the risk factor.

Histopathological examination of products of conception from miscarriages is part of routine clinical practice. The extent of additional clinically relevant information provided by this investigation in the setting of recurrent spontaneous abortion remains uncertain. The included studies indicated that such examination identify hydatid form moles, villous dysmorphic features suggesting fetal aneuploidy, chronic histiocytic intervillositis (CHI) and massive per villous fibrin deposition and impaired trophoblast invasion. However, in most cases, morphological assessment cannot reliably determine the cause of the miscarriage or distinguish recurrent from sporadic miscarriage. Studies reporting on the use of additional immunohistochemically methods do not currently provide additional clinically useful diagnostic or prognostic information. Routine histological examination of products of conception in the setting of recurrent spontaneous abortion can provide important clinical information in a minority of cases.