The classification of seizures and epilepsies by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), 2017 is the most recent classification model which aimed to simplify terminologies that patients and their caregivers can easily understand, identify seizures that have both focal and generalized onset and incorporate missing seizures. We have exhaustively reviewed the studies, discussed its scope, outlined its limitations and gave recommendations that could help in forming subsequent reviews. We have also described the terminologies that have been replaced, redefined or removed to have a clear view of the previous and the current classification models. We have recommended the use of multidimensional classification model which incorporated the clinical semiology, disease location, etiology and associated comorbidities. The benefits of this model is for prompt diagnosis which will results into early management and then better patient outcomes. It would also have a profound effects on the kind of treatment patients might receive especially in developing countries where there are scarcity of the diagnostic techniques. Overall, in this study we have reviewed the current study on seizures and epilepsy classification model by ILAE, 2017 to clarify the descriptions and coverage, outlined some limitations and suggested recommendations.

Neurotropic viruses are those viruses that can cause central nervous system (CNS) diseases with both neuroinvasive and neurovirulence properties. It comprises a wide range of viruses, including herpes simplex virus, poliovirus, enteroviruses, parechovirus, West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, measles, and mumps viruses among others. Some of these viruses are highly neuroinvasive and neurovirulent, while others are weakly neuroinvasive and neurovirulent. Moreover, some of them, like herpes simplex viruses, are highly neuroinvasive but weakly neurovirulent for the peripheral nervous system and highly neurovirulent but weakly neuroinvasive for the central nervous system. All these disparities are a result of differences in their genomic constitution, associated vectors, geographical region, and environmental factors. Therefore, a successful intervention will be almost impossible without a clear understanding of the molecular biology and epidemiology of these viruses. Thus, we conducted a review of the published studies on the molecular biology and epidemiology of the common neurotropic viruses to make the viral genetic makeup more understandable for targeted intervention and provide the morbidity and mortality data of the different neurotropic viruses for more serious action.

Viral infections of the central nervous system such as meningitis, encephalitis or meningoencephalitis, are important causes of significant morbidities and mortality worldwide. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment will lead to better outcomes, but any delay may results in high fatality with serious neurologic sequelae among survivors. We conducted a systematic review of published literature on the clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and complications of viral infections of the central nervous system from 1980 to 2019 on four databases comprising of PubMed, PubMed Central, Google Scholar and Medline to give the current understanding for better patient management. This systematic review demonstrates the management approach of viral infections of the central nervous system in children from the point of clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and complications. Definitive treatment remained unknown; however, certain antiviral drugs were proved to be effective. Therefore, prevention through childhood vaccination is the best management option.

Background: Cerebral palsy is not only a serious neurodevelopmental disease causing significant morbidity in children, but also a traumatic experience leading to psychosocial trauma to the parents or caregivers of the affected children. It is usually caused by prenatal or early post-natal insults to the newborn brain which may be associated with some congenital syndromes like congenital heart disease with transposition of the viscera but rarely a heterotaxy syndrome, a condition characterized with congenitally abnormal arrangement of the thoracic and abdominal viscera.Method: We present a case report of a 12 month old boy with neurodevelopmental delay, recurrent episodes of non-mucoid and non-bloody diarrhea, occasional constipation, bilious vomiting, abdominal distension and fever with associated cough and difficulty in breathing.Results: We discuss an unusual presentation of cerebral palsy and heterotaxy syndrome diagnosed clinically with supporting evidence from both laboratory and radiological tests. We also provide a brief literature review of the incidence and prevalence, causes and risk factors, classification, clinical presentation and associated co-morbidities of heterotaxy syndrome.Conclusion: Diagnosis of heterotaxy syndrome in a child with background cerebral palsy is a great challenge to both physicians and radiologists. This is more so in developing countries due to poor availability of good diagnostic apparatus, therefore, a high index of suspicion is needed. A clear understanding of the clinical features, comprehensive history taking and thorough physical examination are important in making prompt diagnosis. Timely and appropriate imaging is necessary to prevent delays in diagnosis and treatment which lead to poor outcomes.

On December 31, 2019, China alerted WHO to several cases of unusual pneumonia in Wuhan. This is a city with about 11 million people located in the central Hubei province. The virus was unknown when it was reported. Few weeks after the outbreak, the coronavirus pneumonia became an epidemic at the epicenter of the disease. It was discovered those infected during the period were those working at the Wuhan’s Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market. The market was shut down on January 1, 2020. Since the epidemic, The COVID-19 outbreak has reached every continent on Earth becoming a global pandemic. Wuhan City experienced the worst of the initial outbreak but the trend has now shifted to several other countries and major cities are experiencing the massive health, economic, social and political effects of the coronavirus. Americas (United States) and Europe (Russia, Italy, Spain, UK and Germany) are the most hit regions. As of June 2, 2020, the global confirmed cases were reported by the European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (ECDC) as 6,245,352 cases with global death recorded as 376,427 deaths.