Biofilm is present in the tonsillar crypts in a considerable proportion of tonsil tissues and may be reproducibly identified. Human papillomavirus is demonstrated to colocalize to the crypt biofilm. This has important implications with respect to the determination of HPV prevalence rates in the oropharynx. It may also play a role in the pathogenesis of HPV-related oropharyngeal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND:Although largely readily recognizable in tissue sections, acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) remains diagnostically problematic in fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytopathology. The authors undertook an analysis of a large series of ACC aspirates, including acinic cell carcinoma with high-grade transformation (ACC-HGT). METHODS: The authors searched their cytopathology files for ACC cases with histopathologic confirmation. FNA biopsy was performed according to standard techniques. RESULTS: Fifty FNA biopsy cases of ACC (including 36 of parotid origin [72%]) from 41 patients (female to male ratio, 1.4:1; age range, 23-84 years; average, 54 years) met the study inclusion requirements. Primary neoplasm aspirates were most common (72%), and they were followed by recurrent tumors (16%) and metastases (12%). A precise cytologic diagnosis was made for 64%. Three of 9 ACC-HGT cases (33%) were correctly interpreted as such; 98% of conventional ACC cases were correctly graded as low-grade. With the Milan classification system, 74% fit into the malignant category.Ancillary testing was performed for only 36%. Conventional ACC had moderately to highly cellular smears; monotonous cells in aggregates and single forms; rounded nuclei; and microvacuolated, finely granular, oncocyte-like, or nonspecific cytoplasm. ACC-HGT smears contained larger nuclei, high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios, coarse nuclear chromatin, and a loss of cytoplasmic granules/vacuoles. CONCLUSIONS: A correct diagnosis of ACC via FNA biopsy was made in almost two-thirds of the cases. With the Milan classification, 84% of the cases would have been classified as malignant or suspicious for malignancy. An absence of conventional serous acinar cell morphology in some cases as well as an absence of ancillary immunohistochemistry testing in almost two-thirds of the cases prevented even better diagnostic performance. Cancer

Fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is a sparsely used diagnostic method in the evaluation of mediastinal sarcomas in most medical centers worldwide with most literature citations regarding this category of malignancies consisting of small series and individual case reports. Most of these published studies highlight vascular sarcomas such as epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, and angiosarcoma, various subtypes of liposarcoma including well-differentiated liposarcoma, myxoid liposarcoma, and pleomorphic liposarcoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, and sarcomas of uncertain differentiation, primary synovial sarcoma and the Ewing sarcoma family of tumors. This paucity of cytopathology reports regarding mediastinal sarcomas is in marked contrast to the almost daily application of endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)-guided FNA biopsy for sampling mediastinal lymph nodes and mediastinal masses for primary and metastatic carcinomas which, of course, are considerably more common that any type of sarcoma in this location. EBUS, endoscopic ultrasound-guided (EUS) needle biopsy, and percutaneous image-guided biopsy using either core needle, fine-needle, or both can serve a potentially useful role for diagnostic sampling of mediastinal sarcomas, be they primary or metastatic. This review catalogues much of the published data regarding FNA cytopathology and its application to mediastinal sarcomas. An attempt is made to primarily highlight case series rather than individual case reports; however, due to the paucity of these, case reports are cited and discussed where appropriate.

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Introduction The cytopathology and diagnostic accuracy of salivary gland (SG) polymorphous adenocarcinoma (PAC) is the subject of a limited number of reports. We undertook a review of our experience with fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy and PAC. Materials and methods A search was made of our cytopathology files for PAC cases that also had histopathological confirmation. FNA biopsy smears and cell‐blocks were performed and examined using standard techniques. Results Eight FNA biopsy cases of histologically proven PAC from 7 patients [F:M = 1.3:1, age 39‐75 years, mean = 58] met study inclusion. Metastatic aspirates were most common (4), followed by 3 primary cases and 1 locally recurrent neoplasm. Primary FNA sites included hard palate (1 case), lip (1), and lateral tongue (1); all metastatic sites were in the neck. A precise cytologic diagnosis was made in 38% of cases; however, when applying the Milan classification system, 100% could be categorised as either malignant or of uncertain malignant potential. Ancillary immunohistochemical testing performed in 44% of the cases was non‐specific. Cytologic smears showed cellular uniformity and structural variety of cell groups with tubular, branching, cribriform, and convex patterns as well as variable, but occasionally abundant globular myxoid stroma leading to confusion with adenoid cystic carcinoma. Conclusion The imitative cytopathology of PAC with other SG neoplasms as well as its infrequency in routine FNA biopsy practice makes specific interpretation difficult, but using a classification system allows for appropriate patient management. Molecular testing in future specimens holds promise for enhancing diagnostic accuracy.