Background: Children with chronic renal failure have an increased risk of mortality due to cardiovascular problems. Objective: To evaluation of cardiac complications using conventional echocardiography among children with end stage renal disease. Subject and Methods: This study was conducted on 40 children with chronic renal failure (17 males and 23 females), their age ranged from 8 years to 17 years, attending the Nephrology Unit of the Pediatric Hospital Zagazig University. All children were subjected to thorough history taking, complete detailed clinical examination and laboratory investigations. All cases and control were assessed by conventional echocardiography. Results: using mitral and tricuspid inflow velocities peak early velocity (E), peak late velocity (A), E/A ratio, we found significant decreased E/A ratio in our cases predialysis than control group of both mitral and tricuspid inflow velocities; the E/A ratio of the mitral and tricuspid valves dropped considerably following dialysis, which has been linked to diminished compliance of the ventricle due to hypertrophy. Myocardial performance index (MPI) assessing global systolic and diastolic functions of both RV and LV showed statistically significant increased values in cases more than control but did not show significant difference after dialysis. Conclusion:Major cardiac abnormalities are present in children with chronic renal failure (CRF), and they likely contribute to the high cardiovascular death rate seen in this population.

Background: Apnea is defined as the cessation of airflow. Apnea is pathologic when absent air flow is prolonged (usually 20 seconds or more) or accompanied with bradycardia. Objective: The aim of the current study is to describe the epidemiological characteristics of neonatal apnea and its association with other diseases. Patients and methods: A descriptive study was conducted on 100 neonates admitted at Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of Zagazig University Hospital. Participants were admitted at NICU between June 2021 and June of 2022. Study variables were age, sex, weight and primary disease group. Results: Regarding the associations between neonatal apnea and primary disease, it was found that 60% of the studied cases were premature. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy was observed in 16% of the included neonates, and respiratory distress in 60% of them. Gastrooesophageal reflux disease and neonatal sepsis were observed in 2% and 4% of the studied cases, respectively. Conclusion: Our results show high association between neonatal apnea and prematurity and respiratory distress, and to lesser extent to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and neonatal sepsis.

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