Clustering process is an essential part of the image processing. Its aim to group the data according to having the same attributes or similarities of the images. Consequently, determining the number of the optimum clusters or the best (well-clustered) for the image in different color models is very crucial. This is because the cluster validation is fundamental in the process of clustering and it reflects the split between clusters. In this study, the k-means algorithm was used on three colors model: CIE Lab, RGB and HSV and the clustering process made up to k clusters. Next, the Silhouette Index (SI) is used to the cluster validation process, and this value is range between 0 to 1 and the greater value of SI illustrates the best of cluster separation. The results from several experiments show that the best cluster separation occurs when k=2 and the value of average SI is inversely proportional to the number of k cluster for all color model. The result shows in HSV color model the average SI decreased 14.11% from k = 2 to k = 8, 11.1% in HSV color model and 16.7% in CIE Lab color model. Comparisons are also made for the three color models and generally the best cluster separation is found within HSV, followed by the RGB and CIE Lab color models.

No abstract

No abstract

The interactive multimedia is considered as a very promising potential to aid primary school pupils in learning and teaching method in introducing road safety education. Although web based applications for road safety education are available, they are based on overseas countries where the rules and environment settings are different from Malaysia’s environment. An effort to help pupils in interactively learning on road safety education in Malaysia has motivated this study. A framework encompass of learning theories, modules, multimedia elements and, usability and acceptance, has been developed and applied in an interactive multimedia prototype on road safety education called “FIQIR Road Safety”. The prototype has been developed based on a primary school textbook “Cermat Tiba Selamat” by Malaysian Ministry of Education (MOE).  FIQIR Road Safety has been designed and developed by utilizing multimedia elements to give an immersive experience to the user. It employs Watch, Learn and Play as the modules where the animations and activities represent actual traffic environment in Malaysia. The proposed framework hopefully can be a guide in developing interactive multimedia application such as FIQIR Road safety.

In a perfect condition, there are only normal network traffic and sometimes flash event traffics due to some eye-catching or heartbreaking events. Nevertheless, both events carry legitimate requests and contents to the server. Flash event traffic can be massive and damaging to the availability of the server. However, it can easily be remedied by hardware solutions such as adding extra processing power and memory devices and software solution such as load balancing. In contrast, a collection of illegal traffic requests produced during distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack tries to cause damage to the server and thus is considered as dangerous where prevention, detection and reaction are imminent in case of occurrence. In this paper, the detection of attacks by distinguishing it from legal traffic is of our main concern. Initially, we categorize the parameters involved in the attacks in relation to their entities. Further, we examine different concepts and techniques from information theory and image processing domain that takes the aforementioned parameters as input and in turn decides whether an attack has occurred. In addition to that, we also pointed out the advantages for each technique, as well as any possible weakness for possible future works.