This study used quantitative and qualitative methods to collect data, using questionnaires and interviews, from 792 randomly-selected farmers in two of the governorates in the Nile Delta Region, Egypt. A workshop was organized for 59 extension professionals working in the two governorates, looking at how the adaptive capacity of the agricultural sector towards climate change was being guided by policy-makers. Two focus groups were used: one with senior officials from the regional governorates and the other with central government administrators from the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation. The study findings suggested that 51.9% of the investigated farmers at the two targeted governorates had no knowledge about the climate change phenomenon. Maximizing the use of manure, changing crop patterns, and crop rotation were the adaptation measures most commonly adopted by aware respondents against climate change. Results of a probit model analysis indicated that farmers' ability to adapt to climate change was influenced by education level, farm size, diversity of production, and membership of a Water User Association. The study recommended some extension interventions to raise awareness of the anticipated effects of climate change.

This study was conducted to investigate the situation of rural youth migrants to Khartoum state in the informal sector. A purposive sampling technique was adopted to select 50 respondents from Omdurman Market. Data were collected in the face-to-face interview by using a pretested questionnaire and observation. The study findings indicated that majority of migrant youth were less than 19 years old, migrated alone seeking jobs as most of them left their work as farmers, their socio-economic situation characterized by vulnerability, poverty and illiteracy and low skill to get the job outside of the informal sector. Migrant youth were self-employed because they did not have the possibility of joining the formal sector. Results also indicated that youth in informal sector challenged by the lack of protection, low income and no access to capital to improve their self-employed work. The study also revealed that in spite of the challenges faced the youth have no desire to go back to their place of origin. The study concluded that Young migrants are more vulnerable when in combination with their age and stage of life; they experienced isolation, exclusion, discrimination, and insecurity.

This study was designed to identify the Drarfurians (Darfurians: Refers to Darfur States people of western Sudan that face ongoing civil war and tribal conflicts) displaced women's sustainable strategies to meet their basic livelihood survival needs in Khartoum, Sudan. The purposive non-random sampling technique was adopted to select 90 displaced women. Data were collected in the face-to-face interviews by using a pretested questionnaire and observation.The study findings indicated that the respondents live in extremely poor conditions, characterized by high illiteracy rates, large numbers of dependents and very low income. The displaced women were compelled to accept low paid jobs to meet their household basic needs. Displacement to urban centers does not create improved opportunities for a significant portion of city dwellers living in slums as squatters. The results also revealed that the displaced people in Khartoum live in poverty and have little access to employment in the formal sector. The displaced communities are vulnerable in terms of their physical and social capital. Females headed households such as widows, are at increased risk of abuse, exploitation, coercion and manipulation because of their gender and status. The survivals strategies adopted by the respondents include inter alia income generation activities such as street vending, wage labor, buying low price food items and secondhand clothes; and social networking with the displaced people coming from the same tribe and/or origin to cope with their difficult situation.

This study was conducted to determine the socioeconomic factors influencing farmer participation in the Farmer Field Schools (FFS) program in Bahari Locality of Kharoum State, Sudan. Eighty farmers were selected randomly and interviewed for this study where Frequency distribution and multiple regressions were used to analyze the data. The study findings indicate that more than 95.0% of respondents were economically active, 88.7% had formal education, 83.0% managed their own farm and 86.3% were currently married. Multiple regressions revealed that the level of participation in FFS was significantly associated with education, farm ownership, farm size, and the period of residency. In addition, the data showed that the level of application of received agricultural innovations was significantly associated with education level, farm ownership, farm size, and total income. The study recommended some interventions to improve and develop the practices and approach of the FFS approach.

Animal traction technology has been introduced by various rural development projects in different areas of the Sudan, as an alternative to the purely traditional, and modern agricultural technologies. The idea is aimed at introducing simple, efficient, and appropriate agricultural techniques to increase agricultural productivity and the cultivated area, as well as to promote off-farm activities in the rural areas. It is clearly noticed that the rural development projects based on animal traction in Western Sudan has achieved considerable socio-economic and environmental impacts there. These consequences range from upgrading of traditional agricultural hand tools, increasing the cultivated area to productivity per feddan, improving of local skills, and provision of jobs for some marginal groups such as black smiths, landless groups, and others.