The objective of this study was to understand and characterize the physiological and biochemical tolerance mechanisms of Argania spinosa under drought stress for selection tolerant ecotypes. Significant differences were observed among ecotypes in indices of leaf water status studied: stomatal conductance (g s ), predawn leaf water potential (Ψ pd ) and leaf relative water content. There was a significant decrease in these physiological traits with increasing degree of drought stress in all ecotypes. Drought stress significantly increased endogenous H 2 O 2 and lipid peroxidation. Moderate and severe drought stress increased significantly the catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and lipoxygenase activities, depending on time. Their constitutive activities were higher in inland ecotypes than in coastal ecotypes. According to canonical discriminant analysis, the inland ecotypes were essentially distinguished from the coastal ecotypes by the following physiological and biochemical traits: Ψ pd , g s , polyphenol oxidase, superoxide dismutase and malonyldialdehyde. Inland ecotypes seem to be more tolerant to drought stress than coastal ecotypes.

The present investigation was undertaken to characterise and to distinguish four contrasting Argania spinosa ecotypes in terms of drought tolerance by exploring the changes of leaf water status, osmoregulation and secondary metabolism. A. spinosa plants corresponding to four contrasting ecotypes (Lks, Alz, Rab and Adm) were subjected to drought stress. The results exhibited that there was a significant decrease in predawn leaf water potential (W pd ), stomatal conductance (g s ) and leaf relative water content under the influence of the intensity and duration of drought stress. Negative and significant correlations were recorded between epicuticular wax load (EWL) and residual transpiration rate. Electrolyte leakage (EL) increased significantly in leaves of plants under drought stress treatment compared to control plants. Furthermore, our data revealed that drought stress can induce shikimate and phenylpropanoid pathways in A. spinosa. A significant induction of phenylalanine ammonium lyase (PAL), shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH) and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) enzymes and an increase in polyphenol content were recorded, of which Lks showed the highest induction and accumulation among ecotypes. Accumulation of polyphenols was positively correlated with the SKDH, PAL and C4H activities. The strong induction of secondary metabolism in Lks might be linked to its better ability of drought tolerance. The proline and soluble sugar content in leaves of all ecotypes increased substantially in parallel with the severity of stress-induced. According to canonical discriminant analysis of our data, the four ecotypes were separated by the following physiological and biochemical parameters: EL, g s , EWL, soluble sugars and polyphenols.

The argan tree (Argania spinosa) occurs in a restricted area of Southwestern Morocco characterized by low water availability and high evapotranspirative demand. Despite the adaptation of the argan tree to drought stress, the extent of the argan forest has declined markedly due to increased aridity, land use changes and the expansion of olive cultivation. The oil of the argan seed is used for cooking and as the basis for numerous cosmetics. The identification of argan tree varieties with enhanced drought tolerance may minimize the economic losses associated with the decline of the argan forest and constrain the spread of desertification. In this study we collected argan ecotypes from four contrasting habitats and grew them under identical controlled environment conditions to investigate their response to drought. Leaf gas exchange analysis indicated that the argan ecotypes showed a high degree of adaptation to drought stress, maintaining photosynthetic activity at low levels of foliar water content and co-ordinating photosynthesis, stomatal behavior and metabolism. The stomata of the argan trees were highly sensitive to increased leaf to air vapor pressure deficit, representing an adaptation to growth in an arid environment where potential evapotranspiration is high. However, despite originating in contrasting environments, the four argan ecotypes exhibited similar gas exchange characteristics under both fully irrigated and water deficit conditions. Population genetic analyses using microsatellite markers indicated a high degree of relatedness between the four ecotypes; indicative of both artificial selection and the transport of ecotypes between different provinces throughout centuries of management of the argan forest. The majority of genetic variation across the four populations (71%) was observed between individuals, suggesting that improvement of argan is possible. Phenotypic screening of physiological responses to drought may prove effective in identifying individuals and then developing varieties with enhanced drought tolerance to enable the maintenance of argan production as climate change results in more frequent and severe drought events in Northern Africa.

Our study was undertaken to ascertain whether the change of the water status and the activation of superoxide dismutase and their isoenzymes in Argan tree can support edaphic drought tolerance and its recovery under rehydration. An experiment was conducted on four contrasting ecotypes of Argania spinosa plants: two contrasting coastal ecotypes (Admine (Adm) and Rabia (Rab)) and two contrasting inland ecotypes (Aoulouz (Alz) and Lakhssas (Lks)). Drought stress significantly decreased the leaf water potential and stomatal conductance in the four contrasted ecotypes. In terms of biochemical responses, significant accumulation of carbonyl groups, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical has been recorded in the leaves of stressed plants reflecting oxidative stress. In parallel, the activities of total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and their isoenzymes Cu/Zn-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD and Fe-SOD were also found to have increased to scavenging ROS and protecting the cell against induced oxidative stress. The recovery kinetics of A. spinosa, as a response to rehydration, were significant and rapid. According to the traits having the most discriminating power, both inland ecotypes (Lks and Alz) showed a better upregulation of its protective mechanisms compared to coastal ecotypes (Rab and Adm). All these adaptive traits make the inland ecotypes as an elite resource of drought tolerance and might become the new focus of domestication research of argan tree in arid and semi-arid environments.

The argane tree is a remarkable essence by its botanical interest and its socioeconomic value. It is endemic species in the southwest of Morocco, where prolonged drought stress may occur. Although its tolerance has been commonly attributed to various mechanisms at the whole plant, the root system has a main role in the whole process of adaptation. We studied in argane tree plants the change in hydraulic conductivity, electrolyte leakage in root as well as root growth under drought stress and recovery. Our findings showed that the root hydraulic conductivity (Lp) value significantly decreased under drought stress treatment. This was associated with an increase of root electrolyte leakage, signaling the occurrence of an injury to root cell membranes. At root growth level, stressed plants managed to maintain their root elongation despite decreased root mass. After short period of rehydration, the argane tree plants exhibited a tendency of increased hydraulic conductivity during recovery after drought stress, suggesting that this root physiological response may be intimately linked to drought stress tolerance strategies. These results also could be important to contribute to selection of tolerant genotypes and develop argane tree regeneration programs in regions that suffer from lack of water.