This study was carried out on free-range backyard chickens, domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) and turkeys from May 2012 to April 2013 to determine the prevalence and identify the species of ectoparasites in Kermanshah province, west of Iran. Of the total of 600 free-range backyard chickens (185 # and 415 $), 700 domestic pigeons (278 # and 422 $) and 150 turkeys (53 # and 97 $), 389 (64.83 %), 608 (86.85 %) and 54 (36 %) were infected with one or more parasites respectively. Eleven ectoparasites species including five of lice (50.16 % Menacanthus stramineus, 13.66 % Menopon gallinae, 4.83 % Cuclotogaster heterographus, 5.16 % Goniocotes gallinae, 2.33 % Goniodes gigas), three of mites (26.33 % Dermanyssus gallinae, 8.5 % Ornithonyssus bursa, 7 % Cnemidocoptes mutans), one of tick (78.66 % Argas persicus) and two of flea (12.33 % Echidnophaga gallinacea, 2 % Pulex irritans) were found in the backyard chickens. The domestic pigeons were infected with six species of parasites including: Columbicola columbae (61.7 %), M. gallinae (10.43 %), M. stramineus (9 %), D. gallinae (8.28 %), Argas reflexus (74.14 %) and Pseudolynchia canariensis (27.7 %). The ectoparasites species recorded in turkeys were M. gallinae (14 %), M. stramineus (8 %), D. gallinae (12.66 %), C. mutans (6 %), A. persicus (24.66 %) and E. gallinacean (6 %). This is the first survey to determine the prevalence and identify the species of ectoparasites among free-range backyard chicken, domestic pigeons and turkeys in Kermanshah province. The high prevalence rate of ectoparasites in free-range backyard chickens and domestic pigeons indicates that parasitic infection is a common problem in this area.

Hydatidosis is one of the important zoonotic diseases that cause considerable economic losses and public health problems worldwide. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence Echinococcus granulosus in people and slaughtered animals in Kermanshah province, west of Iran. Hospitals data and meat-inspection records in Kermanshah abattoir were used in this study. A total number of 32,130 slaughtered livestock (7000 cattle, 19,950 sheep and 5180 goats) was inspected in the 3-year period and overall 2043 (6.35 %) were infected. The highest and lowest prevalence was recorded in cattle and goats, respectively. In human, Cystic echinococcosis affected more females (54 %) than males (46 %) with a 1.17 male to female ratio. Rate of disease in urban and rural regions were 46 and 54 %, respectively. The youngest and the oldest patient operated were 7 and 87 years old, respectively, and the age group 21-40 years (41.2 %) were the most affected. A significantly higher number of hydatid cysts were recorded in the liver than in other sites. The ratio of hepatic hydatidosis to pulmonary hydatidosis was 2.46. The results showed that hydatidosis is of great importance in this area and serious attention is needed to prevent and control the disease.

The present study was carried out to survey the prevalence and intensity of coccidia in sheep in western Iran. The prevalence of coccidial infection was monitored in 410 sheep in western Iran between March 2012 to February 2013. Oocysts in faecal samples were detected using a flotation technique, sporulated and identified to species based on morphological features of the sporulated oocysts. The overall prevalence of coccidial infection was 91.5% (375/410

The present study was carried out to survey the prevalence, intensity and pathological lesions of coccidia in 350 goats in western Iran from March 2012 to February 2013. The overall prevalence of coccidial infection was 83.43 % (292/ 350), with prevalence of 84 % (168/200) for adult goats and 82.66 % (124/150) for kids. Nine species of Eimeria were identified, namely, Eimeria arloingi, Eimeria parva, Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae, Eimeria pallida, Eimeria christenseni, Eimeria caprina, Eimeria hirci, Eimeria faurei, and Eimeria granulosa. The most common Eimeria species was E. arloingi (85.96 %), and E. granulosa was observed in the smallest proportion (3.08 %) of samples. Concurrent infection with two to five species was present in 78.45 % of positive samples. On gross examination, minimal changes were observed as thickening of the intestinal mucosa associated with a few scattered small whitish foci in the jejunum and ileum and advanced lesions as a pseudoadenomatous pattern in the mucosa and a cerebriform pattern on the serosal surface of the jejunum and ileum. The main histopathological lesion was proliferative enteritis associated with the presence of the developmental stages of parasite in the epithelial cells of the villi and crypts of the jejunum, ileum, and cecum. The results of the present investigation revealed that prevalence of coccidial infection is significantly high in western Iran and also have implications for the control of coccidial infections in the goat industry.

The western Iran is unique and diverse in geographical locations and ethnic groups, mainly Kurdish group. The aim of this study was to gather and to record antiparsitic remedies that still used in Kurdish tribes in western Iran. The research area included the most populated parts of the Kermanshah and Kurdistan provinces, mainly Kermanshah, Sahneh, Songhor, Dalahu, Javanrood, Sanadaj, and Kamyaran. The studies were done by Kurdish language scholars of veterinary medicine. A purposive sample of 15 participants was created from interviewing of herbalists, farm women, the old, farmers, shepherds, animal breeders, horse trainers and chiropractic men. Among them only market herbalist refused to participate in interviewing sessions more than 1 to 2 times. Twenty plants with documented antiparasitic activity are reported here.