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In order to evaluate the effects of organic, chemical and integrated nutrition systems on morpho-physiological traits of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), an experiment was carried out at the experimental farm of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Urmia, Iran, during 2016-2017 growing season. The experimental design was a completely randomized block design with three replications. The experimental treatments included NPK, two organic (vermicompost and biochar), two biological (nitroxin and bio super phosphate) fertilizers and their all twin combinations and control (non-fertilized). Our results showed that the application of organic fertilizers caused a significant increase in yield and essential oil content in oregano. On the other hand, integrated nutrition treatments had the most effect on increasing the traits in compared with the individual treatments. The highest essential oil yield was obtained from Nitroxin treatment (871.27 kg ha-1) in the second year. Whereas, the lowest value of essential oil yield was found in control (non-fertilized) (25.92 kg ha-1) in the first year. The present study clearly indicated that chemical fertilizers could be replaced by biofertilizers resulted in similar oil yield.

Diversity in agro ecosystems can improve the sustainability of cropping systems in terms of low external inputs and unpredictable climate changes. Agricultural ecosystems in the world are widely related to economical and social status. The major aim of agricultural ecosystems management is to maximize nutrient flow and human service materials. Nutrient efficiency in wheat is very complex. It includes nutrient acquisition efficiency and nutrient use efficiency. In this study 26 winter wheat genotypes were used to investigate the interactive effects between genotypes and the use efficiencies of the Zn micronutrient of the grain. An experiment was carried out in Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education, Center of West Azerbaijan, in which Genotypes were planted in complete randomized block design with three replications. The traits such as plant height, biological and grain yield, harvest index, length of spike, number of kernel per spike, thousand kernel weight and spike weight were measured or calculated. Concentration of Zn in the grain was measured by dry combustion using Perkin Elmer 2380 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Zinc uptake was calculated by multiplying grain Zn concentration in the grain yield. It was revealed that biomass weight of whole plot, plant height, number of kernel per spike, grain yield of main culms, biological yield, length of spike and number of spikelet/spike were positively correlated with grain yield, while the grain protein percentage was negatively correlated with the grain yield. Variance analysis showed that there were highly significant differences among traits. The results obtained in this study indicate that nutrient use efficiency of the Zn varies widely within wheat genotypes. Some genotypes were identified as being Zn use efficiency. These are considered as lowinput genotypes. It seems that a special breeding programmer of crop cultivars for low Zn nutrient and stress condition could be successful. Improving the cultivar response to Zn nutrient will help to reduce inputs and hence protect the environment.

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