Abstract.Material engineering has become one of the corner stones in various engineering applications. The scientific alteration of base materials into various inorganic and organic compounds has resulted in the development of Functionally Graded Material (FGM). FGM can be described as a cutting edge material in which the particular material's properties could be made varied as the dimension changes. The aims of this study was to review on FGM's applications and its manufacturing processes. In addition, the mathematical idealization of the FGM was also reviewed. Based on the review, since FGMs are highly heterogeneous, it can be idealized as their mechanical properties changes smoothly with respect to their spatial coordinates. Nonetheless, in order to analyze FGMS in an efficient manner, the homogenization schemes are needed to be simplified from their complicated heterogeneous microstructures. Closed-form solutions of some fundamental solid mechanics' problems can be obtained by this idealization. Conclusively, FGM is unique in relation to any of the individual materials that structures it. Suggestively, this provide a limitless possibility for future engineering applications.

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Abstract. Electric Arc Furnace steel slag (EAFS) is the waste produced in steelmaking industry. Environmental problem such as pollution will occur when dumping the steel slag waste into the landfill. These steel slags have properties that are suitable for various applications such as water treatment and wastewater. The objective of this study is to develop efficient and economical chlorination route for EAFS extraction by using leaching process. Various parameters such as concentration of hydrochloric acid, particle size of steel slag, reaction time and reaction temperature are investigated to determine the optimum conditions. As a result, the dissolution rate can be determined by changing the parameters, such as concentration of hydrochloric acid, particle size of steel slag, reaction time and reaction temperature. The optimum conditions for dissolution rates for the leaching process is at 3.0 M hydrochloric acid, particle size of 1.18 mm, reaction time of 2.5 hour and the temperature of 90˚C.

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