Background: Herbals are rich in effective compounds such as phenolic and antioxidant. Various methods are developed to extract these compounds, including Soxhlet, maceration, microwave, and ultrasound. The extraction method affects the quantity and quality of materials. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate the effect of ultrasound in phenolic and antioxidants compounds extraction from Caper roots. Methods: Response surface methodology (RSM) and Box-Behnken design were used to optimize the two extraction parameters, including extraction time (10, 25, and 40 min) and ultrasound power (40%, 70%, 100 %) by aqueous and alcoholic solvents. Results: Based on the results, ultrasound power was more effective than the extraction time. A direct association was observed between ultrasound power and the extraction time with the total extraction. The optimum aqueous and alcoholic extraction condition for phenolic and antioxidant compounds extraction were as follow: extraction time 36 min and ultrasound power 91 percent. Total phenolic content was obtained 14.96 mg/g with aqueous solvent and 17.24 mg/g with alcoholic solvent, and IC50 was 52.17 µg/mg with aqueous solvent and 40.20 µg/mg with alcoholic solvent. Conclusions: Overall, alcoholic extracts had more phenolic and antioxidant compounds than aqueous extracts.

Nowadays, extensive investigations have been conducted on developing novel biopolymers from biodegradable sources. In the current study, the active packaging film based on sago starchcontainingvarying concentrations (1, 1.5 and 2 MIC) of Withania SomniferaL. extract were produced. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericide Concentration (MBC) of extract were measured. Physicochemical (such as thickness, water absorption capacity (WAC), water solubility (WS), water vapor permeability, Oxygen Permeability (OP) and contact angle (CA)), mechanical (tensile strength, elongation to break and modulus of elasticity) and antioxidant properties of the films were evaluated. The antibacterial activity of the films also was tested against two common food-borne pathogens (Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus) by the disc diffusion method. The results showed that increasing concentrations of Withania SomniferaL. extract have a significant effect (p <0.05) to increase the amount of thickness, WS, water vapor permeability, OP, and CA, but was not effective on WAC.Withania SomniferaL. extract increased the absorption of color in the visible region, which in turn led to an increasing of the parameters a * (index color tends toward green) and b * (index color tends towards yellow) but reduced L * .An increase in Withania SomniferaL. extract content resulted in a plasticizing effect, reducing the tensile strength and Young's modulus but a concurrent increase in elongation at break. Sago films containing higher percentagesof Withania SomniferaL. extract were effective against all two tested bacterial strains, and these effects were more significant in the case of the gram-positive bacteria. Sago film containing extractshowed a good DPPH radical scavenging activity. These results suggest that the developed sago films containingWithania SomniferaL. extract could be used in various food packaging applications.