In Ziguéna terroir, the combined effects of drought and anthropogenic actions led to the widespread degradation of vegetation cover and of land. This work aimed at characterizing the dynamics of land use and land cover in relation to anthropogenic pressures in Ziguéna terroir. The methodology consisted in identifying and characterizing land use and land cover classes. Landsat images for the years 1986 and 2013 and population data for the years 1987, 1998 and 2009 were used. Visual interpretation of the images and post-classification comparison of the results were used to generate land use and land cover classes and calculate their rate of change. The results reveal that the natural vegetation has lost 55% of its original coverage (1514.3 ha) between 1987 and 2013. During the same period, the agricultural area increased by 47% (1608 ha). The projection of land use and land cover classes predicted an increase of agricultural land of about 34.60% by year 2030 compared to its coverage of year 2013 (+1191.03 ha) at the expense of natural vegetation which will lose about 40.63% of its coverage (-1121.70 ha). The dynamics of agricultural land is strongly linked to population growth rates with a correlation coefficient r equal to 0.99. This confirms a strong anthropogenic influence on land use and land cover dynamics. The results show the usefulness of remote sensing for mapping land use and land cover. Nevertheless it would be interesting to take into account the socioeconomic aspects for proper understanding of the dynamics.
On a poor soil, fertilizers application is the best ways to meet crop need and restore the lost nutrients. However, its application is constrained in Mali due to the low access to fertilizers by smallholder farmers, resulting in low crop production. Today, make available to farmer's fertilizer and information needed for its proper use is an essential asset for sustainable agriculture and food security. Before, assessing the existing fertilizer usage and it impact on yield is a prerequisite. A study was done to characterise fertiliser management practices at Siguidolo and assess the impact on millet and sorghum yields. Thus, normalized difference vegetation Index (NDVI) and visual interpretation were used to estimate vegetation cover as sources of organic matter (OM). Investigation was doneto get information about manure production and areas occupied by crop production. Geographic Information System and Survey was done to obtain information on fields, fertilizer used and yields. The results showed low vegetation cover (0.02 to 0.24) indicating low source of organic matter. The mean manure produced was 14373kg/ha/year while 69300kg was recommended. Organic fertilizers and integrated organic and mineral fertilizers occupied greater area. About 24.1% of the area did not received fertilizer. The extremely low fertility areas tended to receive more nutrient application. Indications are that, even in those areas where fertilizers were applied, the right quantities were seldom used. Low yield for millet and sorghum was recorded ranging from 414.66 kg ha -1 to 703.80 kg ha -1 for millet and 404.12 kg ha -1 to 448.04 kg ha -1 for sorghum.
Wood fuel as a domestic combustible plays a major role for the Malian population (more than 90% of households depend on it for domestic cooking). It is used in rural as well as in urban areas. This paper focuses on assessing the energy source preference of households and stand diversity in Bamako catchment area. We have surveyed 200 households and 70 firewood and charcoal sellers in the District of Bamako. Forest inventory was carried out in Famana and Kassela within the Bamako catchment area where plots have been established (10 plots of 50 x 20 m per site). Plots were separated from each other by 50m. Results showed that the use of charcoal is higher than firewood in the urban households due to its availability and easy handling. 71.50% of households in Bamako use charcoal for cooking meals. Charcoal has become the most preferred source of energy for households in Bamako. The main factors for this trend are related to poverty, cooking habits of households, and urbanization. The two sites (Famana and Faya) are characterized by high diversity. Famana has a Shannon Diversity Index of 2.92 while Faya has 2.55. The study revealed a strong capacity of woody formations to provide species such as Combretum glutinosum, Combretum micranthum, and Lannea velutina which is very convenient for domestic combustion. These species have a rapid regeneration capacity and can grow in many types of ecological environments. Species such as Parkia biglobosa, Vittelaria paradoxa, Ficus gnaphalocarpa, and Khaya senegalensis (protected species) that are highly appreciated by households of Bamako have a great economic value and are constantly under threat. Households demand for these species exceeds the production capacity of forests. Immediate actions are needed to promote modern energy in order to ensure sustainable development.
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