Abstract:The purpose of this study was to examine barriers affecting client satisfaction with immunization services rendered in rural district, Ethiopia. A total of 419 caretakers who accessed the service were included and assessed for their satisfaction level using a pretested questionnaire that contained socioeconomic, demographic information, knowledge and various items related to process, service and accessibility factors on immunization service. The response rate was 99.3% and nearly two third of caretakers were satisfied with childhood immunization service. The majorities of caretakers were mothers and over three quarters had formal education. The highest mean rating score of 2.03 was observed in vaccine availability. The major determinants were related to low knowledge on vaccine preventable child illness; desire to vaccinate breastfeeding child and quality of care score. To maximize the benefits of vaccine preventable illnesses and improve the satisfaction levels, augmenting the knowledge of caretakers on vaccine preventable child illnesses and improving the quality of the service is crucial.

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Malathion is widely used in agriculture due to their high efficiency as insecticides. They are very toxic hazardous chemicals to both human health and environment even at low concentration. The detection of pesticides (malathion) at the low levels developed by the environmental protection agency (EPA) still remains a challenge. A highly efficient fluorescent biosensor based on g-C3N4/AgNPs for malathion detection is successfully developed by impregnation method. The structural properties of the developed nanocomposites were characterized by using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and fourier- transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The analysis confirmed that there is a strong interfacial interaction between g-C3N4 and AgNPs. The developed sensor immobilizes by acetylcholestrase (AChE). In the absence of malathion, AChE − g-C3N4/AgNCs exhibit high fluorescence intensity. However, the strong interaction of the basic sites to malathion, causes fluorescence quenching via static quenching and Ag form aggregation on the surface of g-C3N4. The experimental parameter such as pH of buffer (pH = 6), concentration of acetylcholine (1 mM) and malathion (500 µM) were optimized. The sensor was also more sensitive with Stern-Volmer quenching constants (KSV) of 3.48x10 3 M -1. The practical use of this sensor for malathion determination in Khat was also demonstrated. The obtained amount of malathion in Khat is 168.8 µM.