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the uplift of the CAP margins started (Yildirim et al. 2011;Cosentino et al. 2012;Schildgen et al. 2012). Here we describe the type section of the Tuğlu Formation, a sequence exceptionally rich in fossils. The section has been sampled for micropalaeontological (ostracods, foraminifera, pollen, Characeae), palaeontological (molluscs, small mammals, fish remains), environmental magnetism, and stable carbon and oxygen isotope analyses (on ostracods and bulk sediment samples) as well as strontium isotope analyses (on ostracods and foraminifera) and major elements composition of the sediments. Through a highly multidisciplinary approach, we document the Abstract: The Çankırı Basin, located in the northern part of the Central Anatolian Plateau, is a large Tertiary basin where thick Miocene to Quaternary continental sediments overlay the Cretaceous-Tertiary units. This investigation focuses on the Tuğlu Formation, an Upper Miocene succession mainly composed of dark grey silty and organic rich clays. The type section of Tuğlu has been sampled for an array of multidisciplinary analyses. The palaeontological proxies included ostracod, foraminifer, nannoplankton, pollen, molluscs, charophytes, small mammal assemblages, fish, and crab remains. The abiotic parameters studied were: palaeomagnetism and environmental magnetism, stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios (on ostracods and bulk sediment samples), strontium isotope ratios (on ostracods and foraminifera), and major elemental composition of the sediments. All analysed proxies point to a continental setting characterised by permanent water bodies affected by strong salinity oscillations. A shallow saline lake developed in a permanent freshwater lake. Barren layers, potentially linked to a short subaerial exposure, mark the end of the saline lake and the transition to a fluvial environment. Geochemical analysis confirms aridity-humidity oscillations as recorded by the micropalaeontological proxies. Analysis of small mammal assemblages refined the chronology of the Tuğlu Formation, with the onset of the deposition at the base of the mammal zone MN9 (around 11 Ma) and continuous deposition until the MN11 zone (around 8 Ma). The stable oxygen isotope records from the Tuğlu section point to Miocene δ 18 O water values consistent with subdued topography where no prominent mountain belts were yet developed at the northern plateau margin. If correct, this suggests that at least until the end of the deposition of the Tuğlu Formation, the Çankırı Basin did not yet experience rain shadow conditions, and the regional surface uplift of the area most likely occurred after 8 Ma.

A cabinet type solar dryer was designed and fabricated over a collector and dryer area of 4.00 m2 and 7.5 m2 respectively for the geographical condition of Bangladesh. Red pepper was used to test the performance of the dryer. The upper tray and lower tray pepper drying needed 36 and 41 h to reduce moisture from 73% (wet basis) to 10% (wet basis) respectively and found 9 kg dried pepper from 30 kg fresh red ripe pepper. In contrast, open sun drying needed 85 h to reduce moisture from 73% (wet basis) to 11% (wet basis) and produced 2.43 kg dried pepper from 8 kg red ripe pepper. The average global radiation was about 133 W/m2 while the flux incidence and flux absorbed on collector was about 128 W/m2 and 103 W/m2 respectively. The average collector and dryer efficiency was about 48% and 34% respectively. The average exergy efficiency was obtained 63%. The average rate of top, bottom and side collector loss was 37 W/m2, 20 W/m2 and 3 W/m2 respectively. The upper tray, lower tray and open sun pepper seed germination was 76%, 81% and 85% respectively (P≥0.01). The redness value of lower tray pepper (a*=27.1) was higher followed by upper tray (a*=24.7) and open sun pepper powder (a*=21.1), which means direct exposure of sunlight diminishes the quality of pepper colour. The redness value of fabricated solar drying was significantly (P≤0.01) higher than that of open sun drying.

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