Objectives: The purpose behind this study was to frequency of diabeticretinopathy at level of hba1c greater than 6.5%. Material and Methods: 130 patients with type-IIdiabetes mellitus with duration of more than >5years with HbA1c level of >6.5% were selected.After taking detailed history regarding diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy, Fundoscopicexamination of eye was done. All the information was noted in proforma and analyzed usingSPSS version 16.0. Results: Frequency of diabetic retinopathy was observed in 23.85%(31/130) and in those cases average HBA1C was 8.08±0.91 (%). Regarding severity, 74.2%were non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and 25.8(8/31) was proliferative diabetic retinopathy.Conclusion: Our study showed a higher prevalence of diabetic retinopathy more commonly inthose patients who had HbA1C more than 8%.

The aim behind this study was to scientifically assess the poor prognostic factors and in-hospital mortality rate in patients infected with HCV and HBV infection with liver cirrhosis. Study Design: Comparative hospital based study. Setting: Gastroenterology and hepatology dedicated center, Asian Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS), Hyderabad. Period: Thirty one months from 1 st October 2012 to 31 st May 2015. Patients and Methods: 419 participants between the ages of 20 to 80 years including both male and female and diagnosed either with HCV or HBV infection along with cirrhosis were included. Data were entered and analyzed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20.0. Results: Out of total 419 patients, the mean age and S.D. of HBV patients were 41.21 ± 11.77 and HCV patients were 50.44 ± 10.07 years. The overall mortality rate was 11.69% (N = 49) among them patients with of HBV infection had a comparatively higher mortality rate than patients with HCV infection, 13.07% and 11.07%, respectively. The most common risk factors observed in our study were Hepatorenal syndrome (41.17%) in HCV cirrhotics and hematemesis (34.37%) in HCV cirrhotic patients. Conclusion: Our study shows that overall mortality is greater in HBV cirrhotic patients than with HCV cirrhotics. Poor in-hospital mortality factors vary in both HBV and HCV related cirrhotic patients and this discrepancy in the observation is universally observed.

Objectives: The purpose behind this study was to assess the frequency ofvitamin D deficiency in type 2 diabetics. Setting: Medicine Department of People’s MedicalUniversity, Shaheed Benazeerabad. Periods: Six months. Material and Methods: All thediagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus irrespective of age, gender, time since diagnosed,controlled or not controlled and method of treatments like on oral hypoglycemic agents orinsulin therapy were included in study. Patients attending the OPD of medical department ofPMCH Nawabshah were selected. They were asked to come by morning in fasting conditionand for the collection of their fasting blood sample to ascertain the levels of serum vitamin D.Patients with 25(OH)D concentration <20ng/ml were labeled as hypovitaminosis D. Data werecollected in predefined proforma. SPSS version 20 was used for data entry and for its analysis.Results: Total 126 patients of both gender and age from 30 to 70 years were considered forfinal analysis for the study. There were 83 male patients and 43 female patients. The overallmean age was 48.16±11.44 years, with range of 40 (30–70) years. The overall mean duration oftype 2 diabetes mellitus was 68.02±29.44 months. It was observed that overall 92.1% (N=116)found to have deficiency of vitamin D. Conclusion: More than 90% of the type 2 diabeticpatients had deficiency of vitamin D and it is more common among elderly population withmale predominance.

The aim behind this study was to determine the frequency of Celiac disease in patients presenting with Iron deficiency anemia at tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional hospital based study.

Objectives: The aim behind this study was assess the frequency of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke and associated risk factors in patients with hypertension. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Period: One year. Setting: Department of Medicine People’s Medical University, Shaheed Benazeerabad. Material and Methods: This study was a hospital based study in which sampling was done through a purposive sampling technique. A total of 160 patients admitted with stroke were included in our study. After taking informed consent patient’s relevant history and examination were carried out. CT-Scan was done to confirm and different between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.SPSS version 17.0 was used to analyze the collected data. Results: Ischemic stroke was observed in 105(66%) patients and 55(34%) were suffered hemorrhagic stroke. Hypertension was 100% in both types of storks in ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke.Rate of diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and smoking were significantly high in hemorrhagic stroke than ischemic stroke (p<0.01). Conclusion: We found a high prevalence of ischemic stroke than hemorrhagic stroke in our population. Among associated factors gender, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes and smoking were prevalent in both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients.