Precast construction projects are characterized by many activities, the involvement of numerous parties, a lot of effort and enormous processes. Precast supply chain phases are classified as: planning, design, manufacturing, transportation, installation and construction. Achieving integrated construction requires the parties within the precast supply chain phases to have efficient communication and effective collaboration to deliver proper and up-to-date information. The aim of this research is to explore cloud computing technology as the construction collaboration tool and to propose the cloud system architecture for precast supply chain management. The findings in this research are based on a comprehensive review of supply chain management, cloud computing and the precast industry. Findings illustrate that the major obstacles to precast construction are: poor planning and scheduling, less flexibility in design, production lead time, heavy precast components and poor on-site coordination. These obstacles could contribute to the negative consequences for the efficiency and effectiveness of precast project delivery. Therefore, cloud computing technology has valuable potential to mitigate these obstacles and deliver an effective collaboration system within the precast construction industry.

This paper presents an experimental study on the workability and the heat of hydration in Self-compacting concrete (SCC) incorporating agro-industrial waste and blended aggregates.The control mixture contained only Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) as the binder while the remaining mixtures incorporated binary and ternary cementitious blends of OPC, palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and fly ash. The replacement of waste was from 10% to 40% by mass of the total cementitious material of the concrete for workability test and limited to 30% and 40% replacement for the heat of evaluation test. Workability i.e. passing ability, filling ability and segregation resistance was determined and semi-adiabatic temperature rise during the initial stage of hydration was measured by thermocouples. It was observed that fly ash mixes required the least amount of super-plasticiser (SP) to obtain a workable SCC, however, POFA mixes had the reverse effect. The ternary use of POFA and fly ash had better workability properties than the POFA mixes and performed the best in terms of segregation resistance.The ternary mixes also had the lowest amount of heat dissipation with peak temperatures occurring earlier than the fly ash mixes. The experimental studies indicate that ternary blend SCC with POFA and fly ash has significant potential when considering a sustainable M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 3 construction material hence also providing a cleaner production solution for the palm oil industry.

Omid (2019) Strength and microstructural characteristics of palm oil fuel ash and fly ash as binary and ternary blends in Self-Compacting concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 202. pp. 103-120.

Precast construction projects are associated with many activities, numerous parties, enormous e ort, and di erent processes. For e ective communication, this requires delivering appropriate and up-to-date information to enhance collaboration and improve integration. The purpose of this paper is to develop the system architecture and prototype of Context-Aware Cloud Computing Building Information Modelling (CACCBIM) for precast supply chain management. The ndings of this research are grounded on the literature of cloud computing, context-awareness, building information modelling, and, ultimately, the analysis of interviews with stakeholders in precast construction. Findings determine that lack of integration, improper planning and scheduling, poor production timing, poor coordination, lack of good communication among parties, wrong deliveries, and poor control and supervision are the major issues within the precast supply chain. These issues could result in adverse consequences for the objectives and success of the precast project. Eventually, to reduce and eliminate these issues, the proposed prototype will support appropriate deliveries, e cient monitoring, facilitation of coordination, and collaboration with improved communication. It is anticipated that this research will establish a unique perception in the precast construction industry, which will nally enhance its productivity, improve its e ciency, and maximise its e ectiveness.

Soil is known as the most cost-effective material in construction since available locally and has been used for centuries. Soil widely used throughout the world in brick production including Malaysia. The used of soil in construction can reduce environmental issues and act as a green building material. In addition, high pressure of compression is used to produce the interlocking bricks and it is at high speed of production compared to conventional method which is firing process that can contribute to the environmental issues. To achieve sustainable development, interlocking compressed earth bricks have been developed which can reduce cost, environmental-friendly, and energy-efficient. This paper aims to review the interlocking compressed earth bricks (ICEB).