This paper seeks to examine the relationship between leadership styles and organization citizenship behavior within Malaysian companies. The main motivation for the study is to find out how a superior can achieve a greater understanding of the appropriateness of certain leadership styles when dealing with different subordinates' competency level. Although there have been several studies that explored the relationship between leadership styles and citizenship behavior, hitherto there has yet a study carried out to examine the moderating effect of subordinates' competency level on such relationship. Based on the literature review the moderating effect of subordinates' competency level is explored in order to develop the proposed framework of the study. Based on the framework, propositions linking leadership styles, subordinates' competency level and organizational citizenship behavior are developed.

This paper examines the antecedents and consequences of superior downward influence tactics in Malaysian companies. The literature review revealed that downward influence tactics are useful but practically challenging. Researchers have identified downward influence tactics such as inspirational appeal, consultation, exchange, pressure, ingratiation, and rational persuasion as commonly used influence tactics by superior to change the behavior of subordinates. The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework for relating different outcomes of downward influence tactics and the determinants under which such influences are exercised. The outcomes are measured in terms of differences in subordinates' satisfaction with supervision and organizational citizenship behavior when subjected to supervisory downward influence tactics. Understanding different influence tactics affect the outcomes which can provide guidelines for superior in using the suitable influence tactics to increase the organizational citizenship behavior and satisfaction in organizations. Leadership styles, organizational context and mediating variables of role ambiguity and subordinates' competency level were also investigated.

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Since embarking on its economic reform and open door policy in the late 1970s, China has emerged as the world's new economic powerhouse. Its accession into the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001 further accelerated the growth. China's vast potential market and cost competitiveness have combined to attract substantial foreign investment especially in electronics production. China's dominance in electronics production as reflected in its export performance may jeopardize the position of ASEAN-5 countries, which have previously been the established locations for electronics production. This paper sets to assess the impact of China's impressive economic growth and ascendancy on its ASEAN-5 neighbors by examining the trends in their export performances of office machines, data processing machines, and telecommunication equipments. The findings suggest that by 2004, China's exports have surpassed the combined exports of ASEAN-5 countries in all three product groups