Objective: To determine functional outcomes of arteriovenous fistula, its complications and patency rate for one year. Study design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Department of Urology and Kidney Transplantation Pir Abdul Qadir Institute of Medical Sciences Gambat. Period: January 2020 to December 2020. Material & Methods: Patients with Chronic renal failure were selected using non-probability consecutive sampling technique. Patients candidate for CBRC arteriovenous fistula at wrist were selected and those requiring other vascular access were excluded from the study. Arteriovenous fistula were made by standard method and its function and patency rate was assessed for one year duration. Patients of both gender and any age were included. Results: Total 220 cases were enrolled into the study comprising on 57.3% male and 42.7% female cases. Mean age of patients was 59.4 ± 9.7 years. Most common arteriovenous fistula were radio cephalic in 61.8% cases. Fistula failure in first month was seen in 12.7% cases. Fistula patency rate was 79.1% after three months, 69% after six months and one year patency rate was 61.3%.  Most common cause of chronic renal failure was diabetes mellitus in cases. Most common fistula related complication was infection and burst fistula in cases. Conclusion: First six months after fistula formation are critical as one third fistula fail during this period. Most common risk factor of fistula failure is diabetes mellitus. Fistula failure was more common among women than men.

Objective: To compare outcomes, safety and complications of vesical stone management among children by open vesicolithotomy versus percutaneous cystolitholapaxy. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Department of Urology and Kidney Transplantation Pir Abdul Qadir Institute of Medical Sciences Gambat. Period: July 2020 to December 2020. Material & Methods: Children with vesical stone, having age 1-12 years and fulfilling inclusion criteria were selected for this study. Total 50 cases were selected using non-probability consecutive sampling technique. Patients were divided into two groups Group-A and Group-B on the basis of given treatment each group containing 25 cases. Patients in Group-A were underwent open vesicolithotomy and those in group-B were underwent percutaneous cystolitholapexy. Procedure was done under general anesthesia. Alken metallic dilators were used for the dilatation of tract. Adult nephroscope with 24Fr sheath was used. Postoperative outcomes of both methods were compared with each other. Pneumatic fragmentation was used to break stones > 1.5cm in size.  Results:  Total 50 cases were studied, 25 cases in each group-A and group-B. Stone size was 1-3 cm in both groups. Age range of the patients was 1-12 years with mean age of 4.25 ± 1.4 years. Mean hospital stay was 2.6 days in group-A and 1.3 days in group-B. Mean requirement of analgesia (ketorolac) was 30.2mg in group-A and 14.8mg in group-B. Most common postoperative complication was fever observed in 28% cases in group-A and hematuria observed in 24% cases in group-B. Conclusion: Percutaneous cystolitholapexy is a minimal invasive procedure suitable among children with high success rate and minimum complications like postoperative fever, hematuria, urinary leakage and pain.