Mastitis is highly prevalent infection in cattle causing cost-effective loss in dairy milk production. Escherichia coli is the most frequently isolated bacteria causing mastitis worldwide. The current study was performed to investigate the mastitis prevalence and effect of different antibiotics against pathogens causing it. In sum, 216 milk samples were collected randomly including 108 each from both cows and buffaloes. These samples were subjected to Surf Field Mastitis Test for prevalence of mastitis that found 18.50% and 23.14% in buffaloes and cows respectively. Mastitis was more prevalent both in buffaloes and cows at the age of 9-10 years that was reported in 35% and 32% respectively. The affected buffaloes showed 65% samples containg watery fluid having blood, pus and mucus whereas 36% samples of affected cows had mucus and watery fluid. Pus and blood content were found to be 12% and 16% respectively. Sub-clinical mastitis was prevalent as 56% and 55% in cows and buffaloes respectively while acute mastitis as 4% and 5% in similar fashion. In both groups Right-for part of udder was frequently affected than any other. Among commonly used four antibiotics, Norfloxacine was observed the most effective antibiotic to control mastitis as compared to Gentamycin, Penicillin and ciprofloxacin. The benefit of this study is to diagnose mastitis and use to isolate pathogens for further processing like antibiotic sensitivity and resistance. This study will help veterinarians in better selection of antibiotic to control mastitis.

The present research work is an investigation of Rotifers from flood plains of Balloki Head Works using diversity indices. Objective: To study the density and diversity of rotifers of flood plain. Methods: collection of rotifers was done from the shore of flood plains from September to July. In total, 15 different species were identified. Rotifers were extracted from soil sample by a customized Baermann Funnel method. A moderate diversity of rotifers was explored by Shannon – Weaver. Simpson index of dominance supported this result. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there was no significant difference in population density of rotifers among months as the p-value was greater than 5% (α= 0.05). Population density of rotifers was negatively correlated with water temperature and pH whereas a positive correlation was observed with electrical conductivity Results: Overall a moderate diversity was observed. Rotifer density and distribution was under the influence of physico-chemical parameters.

Temporary pools are relatively small water bodies with limited resources and are seasonally available.These freshwater bodies are rich source of microbial and planktonic life Objective: This survey wasconducted to find out the presence of rotifers in temporary pools formed in Jallo Park established in1978 and explore their density and diversity Methods: Sample collection was done from ten pools withthe help of a planktonic mesh. The counting was performed with a Sedgwick- Rafter chamber. Diversityindices like Shannon Weaver index etc. were applied Results: In present study 27 rotifer speciesbelonging to 14 genera were identified. The highest diversity and density was shown by Brachionus andLecane. There was even distribution in each pool. Results of ANOVA showed statistically significantdifference in population density and diversity Conclusions: This study has presented a guideline tofind out rotifer diversity which could be present in any water reservoir like temporary pool.

This study intended to investigate the rotifer density and diversity from a flood plain. For this purpose, Balloki Headworks was selected. It is an area near the Ravi River that was affected by flooding. The sampling was done from April to June 2022. The highest diversity and density were observed in June and the lowest in April. Twelve species of rotifers were obtained from sampling, belonging to four different genera. Eight different physico-chemical parameters of water were measured using respective laboratory meters using standard guidelines. These parameters include the temperature of water and air, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, water pH, Oxygen saturation, salinity, total dissolved solids and turbidity. It was observed that Habrotrocha ligula (Bryce, 1913) and Rotaria rotatoria (Pallas, 1766) were the two most abundant species, while Philodina citrina (Ehrenberg, 1832) and Philodina acuticornis (Murray, 1902) were the least abundant.