Objective To evaluate frequency and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methodology This prospective observational study was conducted from January 2017 to June 2017 at the outpatient department of Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology (BIDE) and Baqai Medical University a tertiary care diabetes hospital of Karachi, Pakistan. Convenience sampling was done. Demographic, anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical data were collected, and ophthalmic screening was performed by funduscopy at a slit lamp biomicroscopy with the help 90 D fundus lens. Grading of diabetic retinopathy was done according to the modified Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Disease Severity Scale (ETDRS) criteria. Result Retinopathy was present in 17.5% of patients. Non-sight-threatening retinopathy was found in 15.2% and sightthreatening retinopathy was found in 17.6%. In table 4, logistic regression analysis determined the relationship between retinopathy and its possible risk factors. In univariate logistic regression model, Age, poor glycemic control and longer duration of diabetes were found to be significant risk factors for developing retinopathy. In multivariate logistic regression model, duration of diabetes remained significantly associated with the development of retinopathy. Additionally, gender was not significantly associated in univariate analysis but it became significant after adjustment in multivariate model. Conclusion An early screening program reduces the risk of incidence of diabetic retinopathy. Hence, screening of retinopathy should be done once in a year.

Objectives: To evaluate frequency of retinopathy in type 1 diabetics. Study design: Retrospective Study. Setting: Diabetes Unit (BIDE) of Baqai Medical University (BMU) Hospital of Karachi, Pakistan. January 2017 to September 2018. Material & Methods: Convenience sampling was done to collect clinical, biochemical, demographic and anthropometric measurements. Ophthalmic screening was performed by funduscopy at a slit lamp biomicroscopy with the help 90 D fundus lens. Modified Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Disease Severity Scale (ETDRS) was used for the categorization. Results: Overall retinopathy was observed in around seven percent (7%) participants. On further examination by the ophthalmologist, 2 (5.1%) and 1 (2.3%) cases were grouped into STDR group and1 (2.6%) into NSTDR group. The frequency of mild to moderate and moderate to severe non proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) was found in 2.5% cases each. Whereas, tractional retinal detachment TRD and CSME were found in 2.6% cases each. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of screening of retinopathy in type 1 diabetics to avoid insult on.