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The core objective of this project is to analyze the impact of interest rates changes on the profitability of commercial banks being operated in Pakistan by examining the financial statements of four major banks during 2008 to 2012. Like the efficiency of banking sector is considered most important for economic growth, monetary policy implementation and macro-economic stability. From the past few years, interest spread of banking sector of Pakistan is rising. As a result variations in the interest rate depress the savings and investment and on the other hand it increases the efficiency of banks" lending. In this paper interest rate is an independent variable and bank profitability is a dependent variable. To examine the impact of interest rate changes on the profitability of commercial banks in Pakistan, Pearson correlation method is used in this study. As a result it is found that there is strong and positive correlation between interest rate and commercial banks" profitability. It means if the value of interest rate is increases/decreases then as result value of banks" profitability will also increases/decreases.

In this study, quantitative and qualitative data are presented to examine the direct and mediated effect of personal bullying on nurses' turnover intentions via job stress. The study also investigates the moderating role of political skill on the association between personal bullying and job stress. The study employed an explanatory sequential mixed methods design. In the first, quantitative phase of the study, data were collected from a sample of 324 registered nurses working in public sector hospitals of Pakistan using a self-administered questionnaire. Results from variance-based structural equation modeling showed that personal bullying has a direct as well as an indirect effect on nurses' turnover intentions through job stress. Furthermore, results showed that political skill attenuates the effect of personal bullying on job stress. The second, qualitative phase was conducted as a follow-up to the quantitative results involving individual interviews from 11 nurses. Overall, the qualitative data validated the key quantitative results. The study is among the first to employ a mixed methods design to investigate the direct and mediated effects of personal bullying on nurses' turnover intentions and the stress-buffering role of political skill.

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Modern macroeconomics literature emphasises both the short run and long run objectives of fiscal policy [Romer (2006)]. In the short run it can be used to counter output cyclicality and/or stabilise volatility in macro variables, which is descriptively same as of effects of the short run monetary policy. Further for the long-run, fiscal policy can also affect both the demand and supply side of the economy. But in most traditional analyses it is assumed that fiscal policy would adjust to ensure the intertemporal budget constraint to be satisfied, while monetary policy is free to adjust its instruments [‘Ricardian Regime’ by Sargent (1982)] such as stock of money supply or the nominal interest rate [Walsh (2003)]. The debt financing methods, expenditure and tax powers of fiscal authorities i.e. the fiscal policy has also been seen as to affect both the supply and demand side of the economy. As noted by Baxter and King (1993), the initial Real Business Cycle models had only the supply side effects of the fiscal policy, where these were transmitted through the wealth effect and labourleisure choices of the household. Recently also New-Keynesian type models with micro-foundations and sticky prices argue that still through the supply side fiscal policy management could be accorded for stabilisation [Linnemann and Schabert (2003)]. The demand side effects of the fiscal policy could also be found only with more imperfections such as ‘Rule of Thumb’ consumers or those with liquidity constraints, which lead to exclusion of Ricardian equivalence [Gali, et al. (2005)]. But all that depends on the structure of the economy, as Blanchard and Perotti (2002) stated: