Objective We evaluated tumor recurrence and regrowth rates following endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal (TNTS) surgical removal in a consecutive series of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (CNFTs). Design Retrospective chart review of clinical, biochemical, and sellar MRI findings in all TNTS surgeries in patients with CNFT, performed by a single surgeon, between 2008 and 2015 (n = 280). Patients Ninety-three patients met eligibility criteria, with complete clinical, biochemical, and imaging follow-up for a 3-year minimum. Results Of 85 patients who were not irradiated, 3-month postsurgical MRI demonstrated no residual tumor in 58 of 85 (68.2%), equivocal findings in 12 of 85 (14.1%), and definite residual tumor in 15 of 85 (17.6%) patients. Six of 85 (7.1%) demonstrated tumor regrowth by 3 years, and 2 further patients demonstrated true tumor recurrence at 3 and 6 years after surgery, respectively, for a total recurrence rate of 9.4% (8 of 85). Eight of the 93 patients were irradiated between 3 months and 4 years after pituitary surgery. In 3 patients with tumor regrowth, 2 exhibited residual tumor and 1 had no residual findings at the 3-month postoperative imaging. Overall, Ki-67 labeling index or Knosp grading did not predict recurrence. Conclusion Tumor recurrence at 3 years was low (1 of 58; 1.7%) if the 3-month postoperative MRI showed no residual tumor. The findings support a less frequent imaging schedule for this group. Patients with definite residual tumor visible at 3 months harbor the greatest risk for tumor growth, but regrowth does not occur in all patients (6 of 15; 40%).

Flying foxes have been considered to be involved in the transmission of serious infectious diseases to humans. Using questionnaires, we aimed to determine the direct and/or indirect contacts of flying foxes in an Indonesian nature conservation area with domestic animals and humans living in the surrounding area. We surveyed 150 residents of 10 villages in West Java. Villages were classified into 3 groups: inside and/or within 1 km from the outer border of the conservation area and 1–5 km or 5–10 km away from the reserve’s outer border. Data were collected by direct interview using a structured questionnaire consisting of the respondent characteristics (age, sex and occupation); histories of contacts between flying foxes and humans, dogs and other domestic animals; and knowledge about infectious diseases, mainly rabies, in flying foxes. We found that flying foxes from the nature conservation area often enter residential areas at night to look for food, especially during the fruit season. In these residential areas, flying foxes had direct contacts with humans and a few contacts with domestic animals, especially dogs. People who encounter flying foxes seldom used personal protective equipment, such as leather gloves, goggles and caps. The residents living around the conservation area mostly had poor knowledge about flying foxes and disease transmission. This situation shows that the population in this region is at a quite high risk for contracting infectious diseases from flying foxes.

Rabies is an infectious disease, zoonotic, caused by virus from the genus Lyssa virus and generally transmitted by the bite of rabid animal, especially rabies infected dog. Rabies is preventable but is always fatal to humans if the central nervous system (CNS) is infected. Vaccination has been used as one of rabies prevention programmed. A total of 83 samples were tested using an Indirect ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) to identify post-vaccination rabies antibody titer. Antibody titres correlated with absorbance values and standard solutions concentrations. Absorbance value can be determined using ELISA reader and mobile phone camera. Absorbance were read at 450 nm and 620 nm as reference using ELISA reader and image from mobile phone camera using image processing software (ImageJ). The aim of this study is to compared between ELISA reader as gold standard and mobile phone camera through validity testing such sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. There is no significant difference between gold standard and alternative test equipment. The mobile phone camera has sensitivity 98,6%, specificity 88.8 % and accuracy 97,5%. The image processing method using ELISA reader is relatively expensive and difficult to hold in laboratory with minimum funds. Image processing method using a mobile phone camera with ImageJ application is expected to be an alternative tool to read the result of ELISA.

Indonesia is avian influenza endemic area since the first case in 2003 in West Java Province and had been quickly spread to other areas including Jakarta as the Capital City of Indonesia. Jakarta became the center of attention from the government to control avian influenza due to high population of bird and its interaction with human. This study was aimed to measure knowledge, attitude and practice of bird sellers and to identify the factors toward avian influenza control program on avian influenza in bird markets. Data were collected from bird markets in Jakarta. Data were analyzed to determine associations between these variables using logistic regression analysis and odds ratio. From the result, the sellers had 14.7% of poor knowledge, 17.3% of negative attitude, and 10.7% of poor practice. Moreover, the variable of age, education, training, knowledge and attitude correlate significantly with practice (p<0,05). On the other hand, logistic regression analysis revealed that low education compare to high education has odds ratio (OR) = 5.2 (1.5 -17.8), poor knowledge compare to good knowledge has OR = 34.3 (3.2 -374.1), adequate knowledge compare to good knowledge has OR = 10.7 (1.2 -95.1) and negative attitude compare to positive attitude has OR = 34.2 (2.9 -406.1). In conclusions, the bird sellers' age, education, training, knowledge and attitude had significant correlation with practice of avian influenza control program.

Community-based approach, named kasira (rabies cadres) was developed in Sukabumi to overcome obstacles in rabies control program. The aims of this study were to evaluate the ability of rabies cadres in educating the people in their community relating to improving people's knowledge and attitudes, and their responses to the information media disseminated. Respondents consisted of 200 people who were participants in the education program delivered by kasira in all villages (11 villages) in Jampang Tengah Subdistrict, Sukabumi Regency. The educational method were classical and face to face communication, distribution of banners, posters, and leaflets. Pre-test and post-test were given to participants before and after the activity. Participants also filled out questionnaires related to activities and their response to information media that were distributed. The t-test for paired data was used to measure the increase in knowledge and attitudes after activity. The results showed that the percentage of participants who had good knowledge of rabies increased from 26.5% to 72.5%, and the percentage who had positive attitude toward rabies controlling increase from 19% to 56.5%, and the interventions can significantly increase respondents' knowledge and attitudes. The involvement of integrated health cadres in controlling and eradicating rabies is very important, especially for communication, education and information to the community.