Gender and skin color influences the perception of teeth shades among general population. Therefore, lighter tooth shades (BL1, BL2) for lighter skin color and comparatively darker tooth shades (BL4, B1, A1) for darker skin individuals should be prescribed as these are perceived as natural among Saudi population.

Objectives: The aim was to assess the influence of polymerization duration, method and resin manipulation techniques on the biaxial flexural strength (BFS) and degree of conversion (DC) of bulk fill resin composites (BFRC). Methods: One hundred and eighty disc specimens were fabricated using MultiCore (MC) and Core-It (CI) bulk fill resin composite. Each material group, specimens were divided into nine subgroups based on curing methods (Light cure for 10 and 20 s; and auto-cure) and mixing techniques (first auto-mix, second automix, and hand mix). BFS was tested with a ball indenter at a crosshead speed of 0.50 mm/min. DC was assessed for MC and CI materials for 10 s and 20 s light cure; and auto cure specimens using Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Statistical data comparisons were performed using ANOVA, Bonferroni and Tukey-Kramer tests. Results: For MC and CI, BFS was highest in 10 s light cure specimens, however comparable to specimens cured for 20 s ( p > 0.05). Auto cure specimens showed lower BFS than light cured samples for both materials ( p < 0.05). Hand mixed specimens showed significantly compromised BFS compared to automix technique for MC and CI. DC % was comparable for 10 s and 20 s light cure methods for both materials ( p > 0.05), which was higher than DC % of auto cure bulk fill resins ( p < 0.05). CI showed higher DC % and BFS compared to MC bulk fill resin composite. Conclusion: Photo-polymerization duration of 10 and 20 s showed similar outcomes for BFS and DC %; and BFS for auto-mixed resins (MC and CI) was significantly higher than hand mixed resin. BFS and DC was higher in photopolymerized groups as compared to auto-cured resin regardless of the manipulation technique for both materials (MultiCore and Core it).

Background: While teachers have an abundant responsibility for teaching and guiding children in their academic and overall growth, previous studies have found out that the prevalence of first aid training among teachers is still low. Even though teachers act as the first line of defense in any health emergency. The present study aims at investigating the prevalence of knowledge among teachers on how to handle first aid procedures for basic and usual accidents and chronic diseases such as diabetes and epilepsy. Methodology: Quantitative observational cross-sectional study was carried out targeting the primary schools at Unaizah city, Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. The sample included exclusively teachers enrolled in a systematic approach. A total of 315 subjects participated in the study. Results: Majority of the research participants were aged between 26 years and 50 years 291 (93.9%), with only 2.6% being aged 50 years or more. Most of the participants had bachelor degree as the highest education level 239 (77.3%), while there was only one participant with a Ph.D. While 44.2% of the teachers knew first aid education, 22.3% of the participants could confidently carry out first aid procedures. Three-quarters of the participants did know what to do after a pupil faints, while 47.7% of the teachers did know what to do in the event bleeding. Conclusions: Knowledge and education of what to do in an emergency that requires first aid appears to be not a problem in the primary schools surrounding Unaizah city, Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. However, the present study still warrants practical training for the teachers on first aid procedures