Background: Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder worldwide. The prevalence of hypothyroidism depends on many factors, such as age, sex and geographical factors. Objective: This study is carried out to assess the prevalence of hypothyroidism and the related etiology and risks in the general population of Arar city, northern border of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Arar, Northern Saudi Arabia. A multistage stratified random sampling technique was used. A pre-designed online questionnaire was distributed among the targeted population and filled by participants after a brief introduction or explanation of the idea of the research to the public. Sampled participants filled out the self-reported predesigned questionnaire to collect socioeconomic and thyroid diseases related data. Results: In our study, the prevalence of hypothyroidism was 25.5% (116/454), females are more affected than males, as 57.7% of the cases were female, most of them (80%) aged 21-60 years old and 40% of the cases has a family history of the disease. 64.7% of the cases were on medical treatment but only 16% of them responded. While surgical treatment were found in only 8% of the cases. Conclusion: Hypothyroidism is prevalent in Arar, Northern Saudi Arabia, females were more affected than males. Knowledge of factors influencing thyroid dysfunction help the public to guard against these prevalent diseases. More studies should be carried out in Arar city to stress on the individual thyroid disorder. The studies should be community based with clinical and laboratory diagnosis of cases.

This paper investigates the effect of corporate social responsibility reporting on financial performance use triple bottom line of 130 stock market companies in developing countries Libya and Jordan. Twenty reporting criteria were developed for evry line of reporting areas: economic, social, and environmental categories. We construct of corporate social responsibility reporting index based on global reporting initiative guidelines. Corporate social responsibility reporting toward financial performance examined by data collected from website annual reports. The sample included companies criteria used to select availability data for a period of 5 years (2008-2012). SPSS analysis used to examine hypothesis consistent with stakeholder theory and signalling theory proxied by tools of measurement use return on assets, return on equity, and return on liabilities. This result controlled by variables, size of firms and type of industry by linear regression analysis. Based on the analysis and result corporate social responsibility reporting in Libya and Jordan still not optimistic, that affected by triple bottom line and higher corporate social responsibility reporting is associated with financial performance. Our findings imply that global reporting initiative guidelines organize corporate social responsibility reporting.

Sickle cell Anemia (SCA) is a common inherited haemoglobinopathy resulting from a single-point mutation on the β-globin subunit of hemoglobin. It is a chronic condition with multi-system involvement. Growth delay, osteopenia and hypogonadism are common endocrine dysfunctions with a lower frequency of impaired glucose tolerance. However, there is an association between SCA and diabetes mellitus (DM), though it is very rare. Certainly, there are only a few published reports worldwide outlined this uncommon combination. In this report, we will present the first Libyan case study of co-existence of the two diseases in a-16-month-old male toddler recording the youngest patient diagnosed with such a rare combination. The child, who was diagnosed earlier with SCA, brought with concerns of frequent changing nappies (polyuria) and excessive thirst (polydipsia) for 2 weeks that worsened recently. On admission, the toddler was distressed, lethargic and his lab parameters showed hyperglycemia, ketonuria, glycosuria and acidosis, a diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) on the background of SCA therefore was made. Further observations are warranted to properly guide about the diagnosis and management of such rare cases.