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The European Union has put forward a vision under the EU Green Deal's name to take the lead in its priorities, fulfill the Agreement's criteria, and subsequently accept the first EU climate law on March 5, 2020. The law framework aims to impose tax obligations on consumption goods imported by the EU from abroad, especially on energy-intensive sectors, by applying the carbon border adjustment mechanism. Our main goal is to determine what kind of measures can be taken to ensure that the iron and steel industry is least affected by the EU border carbon regulation. We are an absolute exporter, are least affected by the EU carbon border adjustment. For this reason, the change in energy-related greenhouse gas emissions from the iron and steel industry from 1998 to 2018 was analyzed using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) model to investigate the potential effects of carbon border adjustment in the iron and steel industry. The analyzes were made with five significant factors that determine the change of emissions. These factors are; changes in economic activity, activity mix, energy intensity, energy mix, and emission factors. Analysis has suggested that the economic activity effect has raised CO2 emissions. This method indicates that the energy intensity's impact could be the first key determinant of GHG emissions. Turkey should attempt to implement low-carbon development policies and reduce energy-related emissions in the iron & steel sector are the least impacted by the EU's carbon border adjustment.

Since considerable amount of energy is spent in water heating processes in the world, solar energy systems are of great importance while heating water. Amongst these systems, flat-plate solar collector systems have an extensive area of use in residences. Therefore, nanofluid system has been investigated in order to enhance the efficiency in water heating through flat plate solar collectors and to benefit from solar energy more effectively. A simplified model has been taken into consideration to design the model of this system and complete the analyzes more rapidly. To identify the accurateness of the model, comparisons have been made against an experimental and a numerical study; and, a decent convergence to the experimental data has been obtained. Nanofluids used in the system have been applied in hybrid structure. The analysis has been conducted for the case of that two different nanometer-sized metal nanoparticles (SiO 2 and Cu) are mixed in water-based base fluid with different volume concentrations. Influences of nanofluids in different volume fractions on thermal performance have been investigated and compared against water and each other. In the system having 30 angle, diversified flow rates and heat fluxes have also been evaluated. It is concluded that water-based nanofluids enhances thermal performance; and, amongst these, the nanofluid including Cu nanoparticles augments thermal performance much better. To avoid precipitation problems within the system, thermal performance has been increased by virtue of using nanofluids with lower volumetric concentrations in hybrid form by adding certain amount of Cu nanoparticle instead of using high volumetric concentrations of SiO 2 nanoparticles. In comparison to water, these nanofluids we utilized have increased thermal performance in the rates of 2.03% (2%SiO 2 + 1%Cu-H 2 O), 3.218% (1%SiO 2 + 2%Cu-H 2 O), 0.943% (3%SiO 2 -H 2 O), 4.076% (3%Cu-H 2 O), 4.083% (3%SiO 2 + 2%Cu-H 2 O), 4.935% (2%SiO 2 + 3%Cu-H 2 O), 1.569% (5%SiO 2 -H 2 O), and 6.508% (5%Cu-H 2 O).