Hindu-Muslim conflict and riots in India are enduring intergroup conflicts in south Asia, destabilizing the region for a long time. Despite having federal democracy and secular nationalism in the political system of India, the state and its various technology of power take sides with religious groups abetting the persecution of minority Muslims as religious or ethnic groups. Among the various ethnic groups and communities living in India, Muslims are among the most deprived communities in contemporary times. In the issue of minority conflict, a permanent solution in the federal system of government has become a dream. This paper analyses India’s divergent political systems and state ideology and its failure and success in respective cases to counter communal and ethnic violence. We argue that, rather than focusing on the weakness of the existing political systems of India, the common failure to adequate power sharing can better explain these conflicts and successive persecution of minority Muslims. Keywords: Minority, Conflict, India, Political System, Muslim, Community.

This research analyses the role of Turks in the socio-cultural development of Bengal during the Sultanate Period (1204-1525). The study showed that Turkish Muslims contributed significantly to establishing fundamental rights in Bengal, such as protecting the rights of people of all faiths, social equality, a fair judiciary, and security. Moreover, the teachings and campaign of Sufis against injustice, including the caste system, social inequality, and intolerance, raised public consciousness and people who have different religions became interested in Islam as they were fascinated by Sufis' generosity, humility, and everyday lifestyle. Muslims established communal harmony and religious tolerance by allowing followers of all religions to participate in administrative activities based on merit. They introduced a universal education system, the Bengali language, and literacy development. Scholars of other religions were also encouraged, engaged, and respected in the pursuit of knowledge. The rulers of Turkish Ilyas Shahi dynasty formed the Bengali nation by uniting the isolated areas of Bengal for the first time during their rules. The study concludes that Turkish Muslims contributed to the development of almost every section of Bengali society and culture.