Abstract:Olive oil is an important food industry product in Mediterranean countries. Large quantities of OWR (olive waste residue) are generated during a two-or three-phase separation process. This represents a major pollution problem for the industry and oil farms. The OWR is a source of substances of high value and can be used as a low-cost renewable energy. This work studied the behaviour of OWRs during the thermal decomposition process. The experiments of the slow pyrolysis process of three different waste olive products as olive pomace, olive tree pruning and olive kernels were performed under a nitrogen atmosphere at different heating rates, using a thermogravimetric balance. The samples were heated to a maximum temperature of 1,023 K, with four different heating rates of 2, 5, 10, 15 K/min. A comparison of different isoconversional (Flynn-Wall-Ozawa), not-isoconversional (Kissinger) model-free and model-fitting (Freeman-Carroll) methods to calculate the activation energy and pre-exponential factor is presented. In the Kissinger method the kinetic parameters were invariant for the whole pyrolysis process. While, in the case of Freeman-Carroll, it differs with change of the heating rate. The Flynn-Wall-Ozawa technique revealed the "not one-step" mechanism of reaction that occurs during the slow pyrolysis process. The kinetic data obtained in nitrogen atmosphere may provide more useful information for engineers for a better and complete description of the pyrolysis process and can be helpful to predict the kinetic model.

The concept of green building related to many parameters that is basically interrelated to the building design and structure style, energy efficiency and saving, water management and minimizing any CO 2 emission by working systems and occupants within the building. This building style reducing the environmental impact and improve the sustainability and lowering both initial and running costs of building. So it is real efficient, attractive and got international scientific and technical standardization and implantation in developed countries. To get benefits of green building for Jordan and introduce a practical Jordanian green building model (JGBM), a series of simulation studies (3 stages)were conducted starting by parametric modeling analysis of JGBM, then building up appliedsimulation JGBM based on field data analysis and finally validating and evaluating the Jordanian model bythe Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Standards (LEED Standards). In this research an energy efficiency enhancement in the green buildings was investigated, different items were studied, these items were Photovoltaic systems, Insulation, Shading, Appliance, Lighting andPeople. In purpose of validate the model results a 50 buildings in Irbid area were studied, based in the model a wall insulation was the most effect method for energy saving by 63.11% of energy saving then using solar photovoltaic panels by 14.11%, using double glazed windows can save about 7.26% of energy, while using LED light bulbs, windows overhanging and light color stones take 6.89%, 5.14% and 3.46% of energy saving respectively. Different insulation layer thicknesses were investigated; based on the model the most efficient thickness when less than 5 cm and energy saving is very superior but if thickness more than 15 cm the energy saving can be ignored.

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Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is thermochemical-electrical device for clean energy utilization as a practical renewable energy resource. Among several types of fuel cells PEMFC has compact size, wide applications, integrated structure and controlled operation conditions for realistic performance. PEMFC operates within temperature range of (25-80 o C) and slightly above, which need special cooling system to maintain harmless thermal operation of the cell. In this simulation study a functional cooling system for PEMFC is proposed, designed and investigated for best PEMFC performance and efficiency. This system is examined for energetic outcome of PEMFC using different materials, geometry, working fluids, operating conditions, and thermal properties of cooling fluids. The results reveals that greatest efficiency of cooling system of PEMFC is associated to higher flow rate and thermal properties of cooling fluid like specific heat (C p ) and convection heat transfer coefficient (h), in addition to thermal emissivity (ε), thermal conductivity (k). Furthermore, the best cooling system efficiency range was 60% to 80% when Argon was used, and 40% to 55% for water, while the least range was 17% to 22% when air was used as a cooling medium.

The performance of endothelium layer under the effect of blood shear force depends fundamentally on the rheological parameters of the blood flow, characteristic structure and physiological response of this lining layer to the shear effect. This includes the nano-scale geometry of blood cells and endothelium surface, shear rate and blood viscosity, in addition to endothelial mechanical properties. Principally, the elucidation of these nanoscale interactions will contribute the explanation and better understanding of cardiovascular diseases that are the main causes of death and health suffering for millions of people all over the world. As an attempt to build up a tangible contribution for this revelation, a simulation analysis has been performed to study the effects of blood shear stress and blood dynamic viscosity on the rate of attachment and detachment of blood over the endothelium layer in the form of adhesion and rolling. In particular, the nature of each effect has been determined and the numerical ranges for each parameter have been estimated for the physiological range of shear rates. The results reveal that shear rate G enhances the blood cell rolling starting from 20 s−1 up to 90 s−1 then it tends to have constant contribution regardless its value ever greater than 90 s−1. Likewise, higher and moderate blood viscosity μ (i.e., 0.5–2.5 cP) supports rolling up to 4 cP, then it starts to keep its influence constant similar to that of shear rate. However, lower μ enhances the enhances the steady rolling at low rolling velocity, which open a room for primary and/or permanent adhesion. The rolling starts at μ = 0.0.5 cP, then jumped to higher values when μ was increased. The effect of μ on rolling is similar to that of shear rate because of their jointed role in the hemodynamic force, such that the increase of both of them drives the cell for faster rolling up to maximum limit, then discontinue affecting. Fundamentally, the most effective biophysiological range of μ on cell rolling is 0.1–3.0 cP, which is suggested by this study and mainly used in the previous investigations. However, the most frequent used rang of μ was 1–2 cP.