Studies indicate the vital roles that family physicians play in the diagnosis and assessment of vision loss in the primary care settings. In ddition, family physicians give proper advice to patients and refer them to other departments for adequate screening and management of any associated comorbidities. In this literature review, we have discussed the types, etiologies, and assessment of each cause of vision loss in primary care settings. The most commonly reported etiologies include age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, glaucomas, cataracts, and errors of refraction. The main types of vision loss usually include peripheral vision loss, central vision loss, blurred or patchy vision, and vision loss that is usually associated with a physical disability or an acquired brain injury. Providing adequate management and routine screening for the patients that are affected by the aforementioned etiologies can significantly enhance their outcomes and reduce the risk of vision loss. Providing educational campaigns about the importance of treatment compliance and routine screening should also be conducted to increase awareness and enhance the outcomes in the primary care settings.

Ocular trauma can be broadly classified into open and closed injuries. However, many subclassifications were reported based on the causative object and extent of the injury. The diagnosis and management of the various ocular traumas are different based on the underlying etiology, the severity of the case and the potentially related complications. Accordingly, in the present study, we aimed to conduct a thorough discussion about the diagnosis, treatment, complications of the blunt and penetrating ocular traumas and the potential differences between the two types of injuries. Our findings indicated that the diagnosis of the conditions mainly differed in the step of obtaining an adequate history from the affected patients based on the diagnosis of the condition that can be established. Furthermore, a routine examination should also be performed for both cases to enhance the prognosis and preserve vision. In addition, prognosis is usually worse in cases of penetrating or perforating injuries where eye inoculation might be indicated in severe cases. A detailed description of this information is provided within the manuscript based on the etiology of the underlying ocular injury and the related prognostic outcomes.