This article has exhibited the child rights framework's relevance while assessing and analysing voiceless Malaysian refugee and asylum-seeking children's status. The secondary data has been segregated, themed and analysed under the child rights framework related to refugee and asylum-seeking children. The article argues that refugees and asylum-seeking children in Malaysia are treated as outsiders and threats to the social fabric; this rhetoric against refugees and asylum-seeking children has shaped Malaysia’s excluded legal and social treatment towards such children. It has also exacerbated the painful and excluded experiences of such children. The article also argues that only frameworks do not bring the desired results if the state constantly thrives on racialised politics. The analysis shows these children are subject to various social, economic, political, legal and normative issues, which have compelled them to live a quite stressful and challenging life. These children's difficult experiences show serious deficiencies and problems in the government structures and functions, which this article believes are the desired outcomes of Malaysia’s legal, political and social approach towards these children. The analysis also indicates that the UNCRC’s child protection systems and mechanisms (and the international community) are also unable to pursue the state to stop it making its independent choices in matters dealing with a vulnerable group of children and recognising them the rights holders rather as threats. The complexities and challenges in implementing such children’s rights also lie in the roles of the two separate mandate holders (i.e. UNHCR and UNICEF).

Ahmadis are a religious minority group whose presence is detested by majority group in Pakistan. In 2014, in result of a mob attack, three Ahmadis had died in Pakistan. The national and international media reported the incident with different risky contexts and perspectives about attackers and people being attacked but these contexts have been given little space in academic discourse. The purpose of the article is to explore the types of risks reported, identified and located in the media text and investigate the extent to which the media crossed the legal and social boundaries of risks in representing groups. In this regard, content analysis was conducted of two widely circulated Pakistani newspapers namely The News and Dawn, and also of two western newspapers (namely Daily Mail, New York Times) which provided detailed news reporting of the incident. The article reveals that Pakistani newspapers represented Ahmadis the way as the law dictates, which shows that these did not cross legal boundaries, whereas the international newspapers represented Ahmadis against the law and considered these as a sect of Islam and a reform group within Islam, thus these crossed legal boundaries of risks. In general newspapers identified and located various risks located in Pakistani society, and these alleged social environment which was against any voice raised for legal reforms and freedom of speech. These newspaper suggested to reform the law, in doing so, these crossed dangerous social boundaries of risks. The article brings new insights about a sensitive religiouspolitical conflict between groups which is hardly recognized in academia from cultural risk perspective but deeply enmeshed in the media text.

In international migration, income resources, cost of living and dynamics of remittance have attained a great importance, however, Indonesian migrant workers in Sabah (Malaysia) have not been studied thoroughly in this regard. This article would like to investigate Indonesian migrant workers in Malaysia's remitting behavior or decisions in light of their pre and post sources of income, cost of living, and how employers contribute in their cost of living. This study is based on the results of the ILMS survey conducted in 2010 and also in-depth informal interviews with legal and illegal workers. Under the survey, 896 respondents were interviewed. The article found that migrants' living expenses at the destination included daily consumption and accommodation usually formed the biggest portion of monthly expenditure, which affected the migrants' remitting behavior. This research extended Russell's model of remittances by including expenses at the destination that can influence the decision to remit, particularly among migrants accompanied by their family. It has been demonstrated that the costs of living expenses were higher among migrants with family in Sabah than among single migrants. This explains the tendency to send less frequently and a lower volume of remittances among the former. Hence, the trend of being accompanied by the family to Sabah has implications for migrants' remitting behavior. The article concludes that migrant workers with families were less likely to send remittance to their remaining family members in Indonesia. They had to fulfill family needs in the destination country. It shows that migrants with families opt to spend and support the local economy, and do not remit to their home countries.

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